5 Types of Family Tree Photo Projects

Every family tree builder's photo collection needs some attention. These 5 types of projects do the job.

Let's take a look at several photo-related projects you need to consider for your family tree.

1. Organize your family photos

If you groaned when you read those words, you know you need to organize your family photos. In these two articles, I describe how I've improved the way I file, label, and store my collection of photos.

"It's Time to Organize All Your Family Photos" helps you assess your collection and set your goals. I share my photo-naming strategy and how I'm helping to keep my collection safe from harm.

"It's Time to Tame Your Family Photos" discusses bad practices that are all-too common. Take a look at how to pull yourself out of the quagmire and form new and better practices.

2. Use photo-editing tools for better results

Why would you scan a battered, creased, color-faded photo and put it in your family tree in that sorry state? "How to Improve Old Photos and Genealogy Documents" shows you how to color-correct, sharpen, and repair those old photos.

I spent time going through the document images in my family tree to improve them. Does the image you downloaded have a ton of black space around the edges? Crop it out. Was it digitized at an angle, forcing you to tilt your head to read it? Straighten it out. It's easy to do.

Why should you bother improving those tattered old photos? "Conjuring Up Memories of a Missing Relative" shows how restoring a photo can restore your treasured memories. I didn't have any photos of Grandpa's house in the Bronx that I'd visited for decades. Restoring a faded photo made me feel as if I were standing outside his front door once again.

Ancestry.com is offering photo-colorization after MyHeritage made a big splash with it. I tried the MyHeritage tool a while ago. In "Improving on the MyHeritage Photo Enhancer," I show you how to take colorized output and improve it with photo-editing software.

Don't settle for faded, creased, damage family photos. It doesn't take an expert to bring them back to life.

3. Use technology to figure out who's who in a photo

Can you imagine how thrilling it was when my first cousin sent me a carton of her late mother's photos? It was a dream come true. "My Aunt's Photos Tell the Other Side of the Story" discusses how you can use a gifted photo collection to learn more about the photos you already have. You may find, as I did, photographic proof of family lore you've been hearing all your life.

While going through my late aunt's photo collection, I found one photo that I thought was of Grandpa. But could I be sure? I went in search of online tools to help me feel more confident. In "2 Free Websites Compare Photos to See Who's Who," I give you the links to these tools and share my results in using them.

4. Use historical photos to add context

When thinking about my ancestors arriving in New York City from their rural Italian towns, I imagined the Bronx of the 1960s. But they arrived shortly before 1900. The Bronx was a dramatically different place in 1899 than it was when I visited them in the 1960s.

In "Picturing America Through Your Ancestors Eyes," we'll take a look at free, online collections from the Library of Congress that can help you visualize the "new country" as your ancestors saw it.

The Library of Congress isn't the only free, online resource. "Add Context to Your Family Tree With Historic Photos" explores a few other sites you can use to add more flavor to your family tree. I found photos that helped explain what I was looking at in some of my own family photos.

I love to use Google Street View to wander down the streets of my ancestors' hometowns. I've even revisited my favorite places in France, trying to pinpoint the sites we enjoyed. "Time-Travel With Vintage Landmark Photos" contains links showing you how famous places looked long ago. While European landmarks may look the same, the changes to a place like New York City are dramatic.

Which photos will you find that show you what your ancestors saw?

5. To share or not to share your family photos

As the family genealogist, I'll bet you want to share your findings with your cousins. "Finding the Best Family Photo Sharing Option" explores online platforms you can use to share and collaborate with your cousins on old family photos. I have lots of photos where I was too young to remember the details, but my older cousins can tell me what I don't know. And you can share your collection in complete privacy.

Speaking of privacy, I removed all photographs from my online tree due to an Ancestry policy change. The photos are all in my Family Tree Maker file, but marking them as private prevents them from appearing online. In "Which Part of Your Ancestry Needs to Be Private?" I discuss that policy and the reasons you may want to keep your family photos offline.

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I've given you a lot to think about today. I hope that some of these points resonate with you, and that they'll lead you to take action. Photos are some of our most precious genealogy keepsakes. Treat them like the treasures they are.

5 Common Mistakes on Vital Records

Is something wrong on that vital record? Don't turn the page. Know how to spot a simple mistake.

Vital records are crucial pieces of your family history. Without them, I would have no information at all about my ancestors from the old country.

But, is every vital record 100% correct? Of course not. Vital records have mistakes for many reasons, including:

• Clerical error. The town clerk recording the vital record may write something in error. They're only human and they can make mistakes.
• Lack of knowledge. Imagine a death record for someone born in another country. Their son is the informant. He provides the names of his grandparents, but he never met his grandparents. He may never have known his grandmother's maiden name.
• Misunderstanding. The person writing the information may not hear a name correctly. Or there may be some confusion about a particular detail.
• Local and cultural customs. Lots of people go by their middle name. When your daughters are Maria Rosa, Maria Teresa, and Maria Angela, they can't all go by Maria! And what happens to a family when they move to another country and try to fit in? Often they change their names.

If you know which types of mistakes you may find on a vital record, you can recognize and deal with them. Here are 5 common mistakes to look for on vital records.

1. Wrong Parent's Name on a Birth, Death, or Marriage Record

If 5 out of 6 names are correct on a vital record, that 6th name could be an error. Imagine a birth record where the baby's first and last names are what you expected. It's your grandmother's full name. And her father's first and last names are correct. But when you look at her mother, her first name is right and her last name is wrong. So, 5 out of 6 names are correct. Is it your grandmother's birth record?

Take a look at the rest of the details. Is the place correct? Is your great grandfather's occupation correct? Is there another couple in town with the names you see on this document?

Whenever I record a vital record in my family tree that has an error, I make note of it. In the birth date's description field, I add a standard phrase. For example, "Her mother's last name is Ferraro on her birth record". This tells me, and anyone who finds my tree online, that I'm aware of the discrepancy, but I've done my homework. (It's helpful to have standard phrases to use in your family tree.)

I learned a helpful fact about Italian vital records that can come into play with this type of error. Sometimes they can record a woman's name using her mother's maiden name. I don't know why—to distinguish her from another woman with her name? But I have seen it happen.

When you've researched the whole family, a name error on one vital record won't ruin your day.

2. Wrong Sibling's Birth Date on a Marriage Record

In some countries it was common to re-use a first name among your children. If your baby Giovanni died, you named your next baby boy Giovanni. When the second Giovanni grew up and married, what if a clerk found the first Giovanni's birth record? He'd enter that date into the marriage record.

I've seen this happen a lot. It's only because I've already documented the death of Giovanni #1 that I know this is an error. To keep from recording an error in your family tree, research the whole family.

3. Wrong Grandparent's Name on a Birth, Death, or Marriage Record

It's very common to see the wrong names on a U.S. death record of someone born overseas. My great grandmother's brother was born Giuseppe Antonio Caruso. On his 1949 U.S. death certificate, he is Joseph A. Caruso. The informant was one of his daughters, Rose. Rose never met her grandparents in Italy. She named them as Frank (he was Francesco) and Maria Gerard. Maria's last name had been a roadblock for me, but I knew Gerard was going to be a clue. Piecing together clues, I found it. Her name was Girardi! Rose seems to have used a more American version of the name.

When my 2nd great grandfather died in New York in 1925, his eldest son was the informant. He said my 3rd great grandmother was Mary Piseo. You know what Italian documents say her name was? Grazia Ucci. Talk about a red herring.

On many Italian vital records, they wrote a person's name and then their father's first name. (See "3. Grandfathers' Names".) This can be so helpful in telling same-named people apart. In particular, birth records in the 1860s–1870s include the two parents' fathers' names. But sometimes there's a mistake. The record may say Antonio is the son of Giovanni when he was the son of Giuseppe. As with error #1 above, you have to consider all the details on a document to see if this is nothing more than a mistake.

4. Person Goes By a Different Name

When my mother was born, they asked her immigrant father, "What is the baby's name?" He said Mariangela. My grandmother was out cold, so she couldn't speak up. Mariangela was not the plan. A clerk recorded the name as Marie Angela. The plan was to name her Maryann, and that's always been her name.

The story is that my grandfather wanted to name her after his mother, Mariangela. Then I came along and became a genealogist. You know what I found? My great grandmother's 1 Jan 1856 birth record says she is Marianna. (That's way closer to Maryann, by the way.) So who is Mariangela?

Researching her entire family, I found 7 siblings. The first child, born in 1843, was Mariangela. She died in 1847. The sixth child was Marianna…sometimes. When Marianna married in 1881, she was still Marianna. But when her first and fourth children were born, she was Mariangela. Her name kept going back and forth. I suspect she went my the name Mariangela within her family as a tribute to her dead sister. But on some official documents, she used her proper name of Marianna. My grandfather must have known her as Mariangela.

Follow their complete paper trail to figure out what's a mistake, what's a custom, and what's a matter of fitting in.

5. Complete Change of Name in a New Country

Some of our ancestors hung onto their ethnic identity more than others. I'm impressed that my grandfathers hung onto their Italian names for life. Some people called them Adam and Peter, but every document calls them Adamo and Pietro. Their American children change how they pronounced their last names. But Adamo and Pietro stuck to the origin pronunciation.

This is not the norm. I've documented so many distant relatives who came to America from Italy. Most Giuseppes became Joe. Most Giovannis became John, my great grandfather included. My grand aunt Assunta became Susie.

You may have family members who ditched their ethnic birth name for a more common name. In my family tree I have a Ross who was born Rosario, a Sam who was born Semplicio, and a Julia who was born Giovina.

You need to recognize and look past a name change when seeking vital records for your family member. A family from my great grandparents' town had the last name Muollo (my 2nd great grandmother's name). The family settled in Pennsylvania. Muollo is so hard for an American mouth to say (mwo-lo) that they changed it to Williams. Williams! If a member of that family hadn't told me this, I'd have lost track of the entire group.

If you're trying to follow a family that changed its last name, pay attention to the first names. Let's say I didn't know the Muollos became the Williamses, and I decided to look at the census records for their town. If I found a family that included Ernest, Michael, Teresa, Carl, and Mary Rose, I'd know this was the Muollo family.

Try to find documents to support that name change. Then change your search to include the new name.

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Mistakes can happen. They do happen. Know what to look for, do your research, and you can deal with the inevitable mistakes on vital records.

Have you missed any of these recent articles from Fortify Your Family Tree?

• My 5 Favorite Genealogy Tricks
• 10 Details Not to Miss on Italian Vital Records
• 5 Reasons to Search Beyond Your Direct Ancestors
• 5 Traits of an Exceptional Genealogist

7 Ways to Get the Most from Genealogy Documents (Part 2 of 2)

In this article and last week's, we look at 7 methods to help you get the most value from genealogy documents.

Last week's article began a discussion of 7 ways to squeeze the goods out of genealogy documents. That article covers the first 3 ways. Here are the other 4.

4. Translation Tools

One of my pet peeves is people who won't even try to figure out what a foreign-language vital record has to say. I guarantee you can stare at the document for a while and spot the names and numbers. As long as the foreign language uses the same letters as your alphabet, you can find names among the other words. It's just recognizing shapes.

FamilySearch.org has resources to help you with genealogy documents in another language. Go to their Wiki, choose the country you need, and find a list of genealogical words. Pay close attention to the words for numbers, as you may find them written in longhand, not numerals. Learn the word for each month. Browse the words for relationships, like father, mother, grandparent, and so on. The help you need is there.

I spend all my time up to my eyeballs in Italian vital records. When I first started viewing them, I didn't know how they worked. But there is always a format that they follow (see 5. Templates below). The more documents you view, the easier it gets.

I keep a bookmark for FamilySearch's Latin genealogical word list. While I've gotten comfortable with Latin numbers and months, I still need a little help now and then. It's good to be able to double-check yourself.

Google Translate is one of my most-used genealogy tools. Some documents may have an extra paragraph that doesn't fit the usual format. You can type the letters you think you see and find out what it means.

If you have a typewritten foreign document, use an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tool. Clean up any obvious errors, then copy and paste the text into Google Translate. (I love to use OCR on obituaries so I can put the text right into my family tree.)

One free resource shows you the key genealogy words in another language. Another gives you a proper translation.

5. Templates

Different types of documents follow a specific pattern. That pattern can change over time, but there is a pattern. Understanding the layout of a document helps make sure that:

• you know where to look, and
• you don't overlook anything important.

For instance, each census record has a set format, and the exact questions vary from census to census. You can download blank, clean, easy-to-read forms from FamilySearch.org. Use them to make your research easier. Search for "Genealogy Research Forms" and see all that's there. These clean forms can show you exactly what information the form contains. They have blank ship manifests (which changed often), U.S. draft registration forms, Canadian and British census forms, and much more. Take advantage!

I've dissected Italian vital records in past articles. Maybe I'll create clean templates to help my fellow researchers understand what's where.

6. Safeguarding

Documents are beyond crucial to our family tree research. Anything that valuable deserves protection. Genealogy is a hobby we enjoy for years, so our findings move from computer to computer and house to house. We must take the necessary steps to safeguard our genealogy treasures. Make preservation a habit.

I work on my family tree every day. Here's my basic routine.

• Make a family tree file backup every few hours.
• At the end of the day, export a GEDCOM file and run a full backup.
• Store my final backup, GEDCOM, and a copy of the Family Tree Maker file in the cloud (OneDrive).
• Upload my GEDCOM to Geneanet.org. (This site can put your tree in front of a more international audience.)
• The next morning, sync my FTM file with my Ancestry.com tree.
• On Sunday morning, back up the week's files, including any new documents, to 2 external hard drives.

For more detail, and to figure out your own genealogy safeguarding plan, see:

• A Safety Net for Reckless Family Tree Building
• It's Time to Organize All Your Family Photos
• Quick and Easy Family Tree Backup Routine

7. Find Every Document

Isn't it great how new record collections come online all the time? When all my ancestors' Italian vital records came online on the Antenati site, it opened the floodgates. That's why my family tree has 81,601 people! And I couldn't be happier that the New York City Municipal Archives went online. Almost all my family lived there.

This year I'm filling in source citations in my family tree to make it valuable to other researchers. When I follow up on someone in the United States, I usually find more information than there was before. Now I can see their Pennsylvania birth and death records. I can download their New York City marriage record. Each new document can open the door to more relatives.

I love having a Newspapers.com subscription for obituaries and marriage announcements. These are a big help for people in my tree who were dead ends. Now I know who they married and which kids they had. And the grandchildren in the obit may be my DNA matches. The new information leads to more and more facts for my family tree.

Make it part of your research plan to revisit the dead ends in your family tree once in a while. You never know when a new document will come online and give you the answers you were missing. Keep trying to find every piece of the paper trail for each person.

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Genealogy documents are the cornerstone of our family tree research. My grandparents had so little to tell us about their parents. And they said nothing at all about their grandparents. So many details are lost in time. (Now I'm picturing Rutger Hauer in "Bladerunner" saying, "like tears in rain".) It's documents that let us capture the forgotten tidbits of our family history. Get all you can from them and preserve it all for future generations.

7 Ways to Get the Most from Genealogy Documents (Part 1 of 2)

Don't miss out on the full value of genealogy documents. Here are 7 ways to get the most from the documents you want for your family tree.

I'm still plugging away at my source citations project. Each day I add citations for 70–100 of the Italian nationals in my family tree. Working on source citations makes it obvious how important genealogy documents are to family tree research. I have so many people in my tree whose existence would be unknown if I didn't have this one document image.

Let me share with you 7 ways you can get the most value from each genealogy document you discover.

1. File Naming and Storage

If you're downloading document images you find online (I hope you are), you must make sure you can find them again. Everyone has their own preference about document file naming. Whatever you choose to do, do it with consistency. Then you'll have no doubt where to find a particular document.

I've detailed my file-naming and folder storage system in "3 Simple Rules for Managing Your Digital Genealogy Documents". I know lots of people have separate folders for individual families. For me, that'd be impossible. My family tree has 81,500 people and thousands of families. And what happens with Grandma? Is she stored under her father's last name and excluded from the folder for her husband's last name? Do I put a copy of her censuses under both names? It makes no sense to me.

The vast majority of my document image files are vital records. I name these for the person who is the primary subject. That's the baby on a birth record, the decedent on a death record, the groom and bride on a marriage record. I name the files last-name-first so they're easy to sort and find. When I name a file for a female, she always always always goes by her maiden name. The only time this is tricky is when a widowed woman is the head of household on a census form. In those cases, I'll use both last names, as in OrsariSarracinoGiuseppa1920. This is a 1920 census record for Giuseppa Orsari, widow, and her Sarracino children.

When you're choosing a file-naming/folder-naming process to follow, think it through. Let's say you don't name your files last-name-first. If you need John Taylor's documents, how many hundreds of John files will you have to pore over to find the right one? There are Johns, John Anthonys, John Peters, John Philips…that Taylor could be anywhere.

Find a solution that works best with the way you use your genealogy documents.

With a logical filing system in place, any genealogy document is easy to find for use in your family tree research.

2. Source Citations

Why create source citations? Imagine you're searching online for a distant cousin whose family tree might help you. You find one, and their tree has tons of details that are new to you. But not one fact has a source citation.

You're left to wonder, where did they get this date? Is that her maiden name? Did he die in another country? Without source citations, you have no solid reason to believe any detail is correct.

Recently, I heard from someone through Ancestry.com. It may be the first time I've ever heard from another Sarracino descendant. (That's my grandmother's maiden name.) Unfortunately, a lack of pre-1861 records from their town means I can't find our connection. But I'm happy to share what I do know.

He found his relatives in my family tree and asked me where those names and dates came from. Right away, I added the missing source citations for everyone in his branch. I synced my Family Tree Maker file with my Ancestry tree and pointed him to it. I told him he could view the profile page for any person and see a list of citations in the center column. For any citation, he would find a clickable link to the web page where he could see the vital record for himself.

That's exactly the type of proof someone needs to believe your genealogy work is valid. Plus, there will be times when you need to return to a document online. What if the version you downloaded got lost or corrupted? Say you found out that a cousin lived in your grandparents' apartment building. You'd need to return to the census to look for the cousin on the next page. If you didn't add a citation, how easily could you return to the source?

Source citations have tremendous value. For tips on following a source citation routine, see "These Steps Make Your Family Tree Much More Valuable".

3. Digitization

I've lived at a keyboard since I bought my genuine IBM PC in 1985. Of course all my stuff is digital! I'm not one of those genealogists with binders full of paper reproductions. I can't even imagine a binder for each family. (Again, I have thousands of families.) I have a few noteworthy paper-based family tree projects, but that's it:

• How to Create a 'Book of Life' for Your Relatives
• Make Your Own 'Elder Scroll'
• 5+ Ways to Share Your Tree with Family

I have only a small number of paper vital records that are not online. My grandfather's 1992 death certificate. My great grandfather's 1969 death certificate, and so on. These documents all fit in one folder. But of course I need to have an image of these documents in my family tree and as part of my computer backup.

That's why I digitized each paper-only document to make sure I never lose it. To see how simple this routine can be, read "How to Make Your Family Tree Fireproof!"

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Have you ever heard the phrase "Pix or it didn't happen"? When it comes to genealogy, it's "Documents or it didn't happen". Take the time to:

• follow a file-naming and file-storage routine
• prove your work by citing your sources
• safeguard your work for posterity.

More people than you will care about your family tree. Make it the best you can.

There's so much to say about genealogy documents that this article got quite long. Please come back next week and I'll wrap up the rest of the 7 Ways.

Free Tool Finds Details You'll Want to Fix

Quality control for your family tree includes being consistent in how you record facts.

Consistency is so important to me. That was true when I wrote code for web pages, and it's true now that my family tree is my full-time work.

Recently I discovered an inconsistency in my family tree. For months now, I've been working my way through a long, long list of people in my tree with no source citations. Saturday was my most productive day ever. I completed the source citations for 110 people!

During the citation process, I noticed the inconsistency. Years ago when adding baptisms to my family tree, I recorded only the date and town. After visiting these places, I started adding the name and address of the church, too. (I found a handy website that lets you look up the names and addresses of churches in any town in Italy.)

Whenever I notice one of my early baptism facts—one without a church name and address—I fill it in and cite my source. But I'm sure I've missed plenty. I wish there were an easy way to find every baptism fact that's missing a church name.

Once again, it's Family Tree Analyzer to the rescue! Using this free tool, I can:

• Open my latest GEDCOM file
• Click the Facts tab
• Select all 7 Relationship Types
• Select only the Baptism fact
• Click the button marked Show only the selected Facts for Individuals

This opens a new window that looks like a spreadsheet. It contains only those people with a Baptism fact. (In my case, that 23,077 people.) I can click the top of the Location column to sort the results in alphabetical order.

One of the churches I discovered late in my research is in Santa Paolina. This list shows 700 baptism entries for Santa Paolina that are missing the church name. I'm afraid to count how many church names are missing for the first town I documented long ago: Baselice. There are tons of them! I can also check which Marriage facts don't use a church name.

It's a big job, but I'm glad to have a way to locate and fix them all. I want that consistency for my family tree.

How else can we use Family Tree Analyzer's Facts report? Here are 3 ideas.

One report in a free family tree program is perfect for finding and fixing your less-than-perfect early genealogy work.

1. Pin Down a Specific Oversight

Lots of times a birth record tells you the father and mother's occupation, and I like to add that fact to my family tree. But I worry that I've forgotten to add the baby's birth citation to the parents' occupations.

Using the Facts report in Family Tree Analyzer, I view Occupation facts only. Then I can sort them by the Num Sources column. The number of occupations with 0 sources is staggering!

I can also sort the Occupations by the Comment column. This shows me a ton of farmers and laborers among my Italian relatives. Can you spot any occupation trends among your ancestors? Every dentist in my tree is one of my husband's relatives from Hawaii. I'm surprised to find only 5 miners in my tree, but I have a decent number of railroad workers.

I get a kick out of the more specialized occupations I've found in the U.S. censuses:

• hop picker at the Wigrich Hop Ranch
• bacon packer in a packing house
• chemist at a steel mill
• bottle washer for a soft beverage company
• garters maker
• chick sexer (I have two!)

What are the most unusual occupations you've recorded in your family tree?

2. Get Rid of Early Variations

Over time I developed consistent wording to use on Emigration and Immigration facts. In the description field of an Emigration fact, I type, "Left for [city name] on the [ship name]." In the description field of the Immigration fact, I type, "Arrived [with family members] to join [family member] at [address]."

But I wasn't using that format from day one of building my family tree. Family Tree Analyzer can show me all Emigration and Immigration facts. It's easy to spot the inconsistencies this way. I found only one Emigration fact that had no description at all—the rest follow the right format.

As for Immigration facts, when I sort them by the Comment column, I find:

• 2 entries with a typo (Arrive instead of Arrived)
• a lot of entries following my original format ("Arrived aboard the [ship name]")
• a small number of entries that cite a ship manifest but have no description at all

These are all items I can fix. The number is small because I completed all my immigration source citations long ago.

3. Remove Unwanted Facts

I used to find it interesting that draft cards and ship manifests stated a person's height and weight. When I view all the Height facts in my tree, I find only 7. And one is an obvious error (my cousin Bella was not 11 inches tall at birth). I've removed these unreliable, and often varying, sources of height from my family tree. Only 2 people in my tree had a Weight fact, and one was weight at birth. I've deleted them both.

There's a fact type called Medical Condition that I used random in the past, but only 13 times. Some of the 13 are details about the cause of death, and one mentions my great uncle's artificial eye. But most of the others make no sense in this category. I can fix these easily.

I also recorded 8 phone numbers in the Phone Number category. Two are for dead men, two are Italian phone numbers for cousins I've never met, and the rest are for people I'll never call. I'm sure that years ago I was so excited to find these pieces of information online that I recorded them. Now I'm going to delete them. Okay, I'm saving one phone number, but not in my family tree. I'm putting it in my iCloud contact list.

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If you've been working on your family tree for a while, I'm sure you've formed opinions on how you want to save details. And I'm sure your style has evolved over time. Spend a day using the Facts report in Family Tree Analyzer to bring your old work up to speed. Your consistency makes your family tree—your legacy—more professional.

For more help with family tree consistency:

• How to Batch Process Your Genealogy Documents
• Consistency Makes Your Family Tree More Professional
• The Basics of a Well-Crafted Family Tree
• Make Consistency King in Your Family Tree

10 Details Not to Miss on Italian Vital Records

You can't spend 8 hours a day examining Italian vital records without learning a few things. When I began searching these records, I knew nothing at all. I'm sure everyone starts out that way. No matter how long you've been researching your Italian family tree, you may be missing some details. Take a look.

Even if you've mastered the basics, there's more to learn from an Italian vital record.

Note that the way they recorded documents varies by era, and from place to place.

1. Stillborn Babies

If a birth record has a note in the margin saying nato morto, the baby was a stillborn—literally born dead. Or, on the line containing the baby's name, you may see the words senza vita—without life. Usually the clerk writes, "io riconosco essere senza vita"—I recognize the baby to be lifeless. How awful.

If the stillborn births are not included with the live births, they may be in the category called diversi. In many of these documents, the child has no first name, but the record tells you the baby's sex and the parents' names.

2. It's Twins!

Most of the time, town clerks recorded twins' births on separate documents. If you're looking at one record and see the word gemelli, you know it's a twin. These records often state which baby was born first. You may also see a senza vita note since infant mortality was high (see #7 below).

On some documents, they list both twins together. In the area where they write the baby's name, if you see multiple names, see if the word e (and) is between any of the names. This would tell you that it's two different babies. If the babies are different sexes, you'll notice that, too.

3. Grandfathers' Names

In some towns between 1866 and about 1873, they wrote vital records in longhand. They didn't use pre-printed forms. These record take a bit longer to dissect, but they do have a great advantage.

Birth records from this time often include the baby's grandfathers' names. This is a tremendous way to get a positive ID on the mom or dad. These documents also tend to give both the father and the mother's age, too. That's great because the mom's age is so often left out in other years.

Look for the grandfather's name immediately after each parent's name.

Once you know where to look, you won't overlook these important genealogy details for your Italian family tree.

4. Father Died in World War I

Sometimes you'll find a special notation in the margin of a 1913-1918 birth record. This tells you that the baby's father died in the war and gives you a date. This may answer an important question for you: Why didn't this couple have any more children?

The typical format looks like this:

"Il genitore è morto per la guerra nazionale come da comunicazione della Ministero della Guerra in data 8 Luglio 1917 number 142604."

Translation: The parent died in the national war as per communication from the Ministry of War dated 8 July 1917 number 142604. Note that this 1917 notation appears on a 1913 birth record.

5. Different Dates

It's amazing that many 1800s' babies were registered at town hall and baptized on the day they were born. That's unthinkable today for health reasons.

But remember this: The day the clerk wrote the document may NOT be the date of the birth, marriage, or death. Always look for a second date in the document that is a declaration of the day of the event.

If there's a baptism column on a birth record, or a church ceremony column on a marriage record, the same holds true. A baptism column may say, "On this date I recorded that on that date I baptized this baby". Or, "On this date I recorded that on that date I married this couple".

Here's a simple rule to follow. If there's more than one date surrounding any event, use the earliest one. You can't record an event before it happened.

Need more help with Italian vital records? Try these articles from Fortify Your Family Tree:

• How to Read an Italian Birth Record
• How to Read an Italian Death Record
• How to Read Italian Marriage Records
• The Italian Genealogy Goldmine: 'Wedding Packets'
• How to Use the Online Italian Genealogy Archives (Antenati)

6. More Dates on the Bottom

I felt disappointed that my 2nd great grandmother's town had no matrimoni processetti. These are the birth and death records associated with a marriage. Then I realized her town handled those dates in a different way.

They didn't record copies of the associated vital records. They wrote the dates at the bottom of the marriage record itself. Look for a list of:

• Exact birth dates of the groom and bride.
• Exact death dates of their parents and paternal grandfathers, if appropriate.
• Exact death date of a previous spouse, if appropriate.

These dates may help you find the original record. But if the birth or death happened before record-keeping began, this is all you'll get. Don't overlook it!

7. Who's Alive and Who's Dead

Any Italian vital record may tell you the name of any person's father. Even the name of a witness on a document may include their father's first name right after their name. Their father's name helps distinguish them from the 5 other guys in town with the exact same name!

Sometimes you'll also see the name of a person's mother—always using her maiden name^*. But did you know there are hints to tell you if a person's mother or father is dead? If you see the word di (of), as in Giovanni Bianco di Antonio, then the father (Antonio) is alive. But if you see fu (was) instead of di, or defunto (deceased), the father is dead.

* Italian women use their father's last name for life. It's only if they emigrate to another country that they may use their husband's last name.

Some death records may tell you the person's mother and father are both dead. If you see "figlio dei fu Giovanni e Maria Cocca," for example, you know that both parents are dead. The dei in dei fu is plural, so both parents have died. The document may say degli furono, which is also plural. Or it may use the Latin version: quondam, sometimes abbreviated as qm. I used to think I could only assume that their father was dead until I realized dei, degli, and furono are all plural.

And don't forget about widows. If a man's death record mentions says "vedovo di Angela Galdiero," then we know he was a widower and Angela died first. Keep an eye out for vedovo di or vedova di. There's also an abbreviation, ved, which I've seen on grave markers in Italy.

8. No Parents or One Parent

There was a lot of hanky panky going on in some of our ancestral hometowns. That adds up to lots of out-of-wedlock births. Some birth records name only the baby's mother and padre incerto (father unknown). In rare cases, a man will report his child's birth but he won't name the mother. These documents will say that he recognizes the baby as his own. And then there are the projetti. The midwife usually reports these births. Of course she knows who the mother is, but she doesn't name anyone. The midwife, the mayor, or the clerk gives these babies a random name.

There were women in town who nursed and cared for the babies for some form of payment. Sadly, a lot of these babies died young.

Here are 3 more genealogy details you need to capture for your Italian family tree.

Two more details apply more to families than a specific vital record.

9. Same-Named Children

Have you found a family that seems to have 2 or more children with the exact same name and wondered what's going on? While I have seen an exception^* or two, you can assume the first baby died before their same-named sibling was born. This is a handy piece of information if the death records aren't available for the right years.

* My only explanation for 2 brothers named Giuseppe Nicola who grew old is that they called one Giuseppe and the other Nicola. It's still weird.

On a related note, if a man or woman dies and their spouse remarries, they are likely to name their next child after the deceased spouse. And if a man dies while his wife is pregnant, she will name the child after him.

10. Marriage Missing

When I began recording vital records, I was curious about couples with no marriage record. I recorded their marriage banns, and they had a bunch of legitimate babies. Why wasn't there a marriage record?

Later I learned the reason why. If a bride and groom came from different towns, they usually married in her town. But they had to publish their intention to marry in both towns. If you have a situation where there's no marriage record , see if the wife came from another town. If she did, try to find banns and a marriage record in her hometown.

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Take another look at the Italian nationals in your family tree. Have you overlooked any of these 10 important details?