05 May 2017

27 Key Facts to Extract from a Death Certificate

Last year I paid for a copy of my grandfather's 1992 Bronx, NY, death certificate because my brother, my first cousins and I wanted to be sure of his cause of death for our own health records.

When it arrived I was surprised and disappointed that it did not include his cause of death.

My grandfather's death certificate.
My grandfather's death certificate.

I had seen many New York City death certificates while doing research at the New York City Municipal Archives, but they were from decades earlier. I don't know if my grandpa's certificate was abbreviated because he died less than 25 years ago, or if that is what the Bronx death certificate form looked like in 1992.

So I've gone through my records and compared death records from four decades—three certificates from the Bronx and one from Warren, Ohio, near Youngstown.

The following table compares the 27 pieces of information found in different years. These certificates can be an amazing find if you didn't already know every little fact.

1925 Bronx, NY 1940 Bronx, NY 1970 Warren, OH 1992 Bronx, NY
Full name, sex and age Full name, sex and age Full name, sex and age Full name, sex and age
Race Race Race
Place of death and characterization of place (e.g., hospital, hotel) Place of death and if it’s a hospital or institution Place of death and if it’s a hospital or institution Place of death; if in a hospital, date of admission
Date of death Date of death Date of death Date of death


Time of death Time of death
Attending physician and dates tending to the deceased Attending physician and dates tending to the deceased Attending physician and dates tending to the deceased Attending physician and dates tending to the deceased
Primary and secondary cause of death Primary and secondary cause of death Primary and secondary cause of death
Last residence Last residence Last residence Last residence
Marital status Marital status Marital status Marital status

Name of surviving spouse Name of surviving spouse (maiden name if wife) Name of surviving spouse (maiden name if wife)
Date of birth Date of birth Date of birth Date of birth


Social Security Number Social Security Number
Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation


Whether served in armed forces Whether served in armed forces

Date last worked at occupation

Birthplace Birthplace Birthplace Birthplace


Citizen of what country
How long in U.S. if foreign born How long in U.S. if foreign born

How long resident in City of New York How long resident in City of New York




Level of education
Parents' names Parents' names Parents' names Parents' names
Parents’ birthplaces Parents’ birthplaces


Name of informant, relationship to deceased, and address Name of informant, relationship to deceased, and address Name of informant, relationship to deceased, and address

Autopsy and laboratory tests dates Autopsy
Name and location of cemetery Name and location of cemetery Name and location of cemetery Name and location of cemetery
Date of burial Date of burial or cremation Date of burial or cremation Date of burial or cremation
Funeral director's name and address Funeral director's name and address Funeral director's name and address Funeral director's name and address

Are you scouring your ancestor's death certificate for every possible scrap of information?

02 May 2017

How to Squeeze Everything Out of the Census

You may be overlooking critical, helpful census information.

If you're not wringing every last drop of data out of your ancestor's census sheet, you may be missing important pieces of your genealogy puzzle.

The U.S. has had a nationwide census every ten years since 1790. Very little survives of the 1890 census due to a fire, and the newest publicly available census is from 1940. There are also some states (like my own New York) with their own census in years ending in a five.

Focusing on the national censuses, the form and the information gathered changed each year. It's helpful to download blank census forms to more clearly see the column headings.

Are you grabbing every piece of information?

The census format changes every time. Don't miss any important facts.
The census format changes every time. Don't miss any important facts.

Take a look at how the format varies over the years:
  • 1790 recorded only the head of family's name. Family members were tallied in columns of free white men 16 and up or under 16, free white women of any age, and slaves.
  • 1800 and 1810 also named only the head of family. Other members of the household were tallied and broken down into males and females in five age groups. And slaves.
  • 1820 added a few more columns to capture foreigners not naturalized, manufacturers, free colored people and slaves.
  • 1830 added even more age ranges.
  • 1840 added columns for people working in seven different professions, for military pensioners, for those labelled deaf and dumb, blind and insane (white and colored persons separately), and for those attending different types of schools.
  • 1850 Behold! We finally get to see the name of every person in the household, their color (white, black or mulatto), profession, place of birth, and if they were married or attended school within the year. The form also captured those over 20 who could not read and write, as well as those who were "deaf and dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper or convict." Oh boy.
  • 1860 no longer cared about the deaf, dumb and blind, but did care who was illiterate.
  • 1870 More good news! This year added each person's birthplace, whether they had a foreign-born mother or father, and if they were eligible to vote.
  • 1880 added "Relationship to head of household" and the place of birth of everyone's parents.
  • 1890 was almost entirely lost, and it's heartbreaking to see all that was added. In denoting a person's race/color, it asked for two races I never heard of. It asked for marital status and whether you were married in the previous year, how many children a woman has had and how many were alive. It asked if you were born in the U.S., were naturalized or had declared your intention to become a citizen. It asked separately if you could read and if you could write, and which language you spoke. It asked about disease, afflictions, and whether you were a "prisoner, convict, homeless child, or pauper." Homeless child? They enumerated homeless children?
  • 1900 added the street name and house number, number of years married, years of immigration and how long in the U.S., number of months unemployed, and if you owned or rented your home.
  • 1910 included a column for Veteran of Civil War.
  • 1920 got a bit intrusive. If you own your home, do you have a mortgage? And what is the mother tongue of your mother and father?
  • 1930 was when the government got pushier. What is the value of your home or how much do you pay in rent? Do you own a radio? What was your age at first marriage? The form went into lots of occupation detail, asking your industry, whether you were unemployed or a veteran and of which war.
  • 1940 added the highest grade of school completed, where you lived in 1935, whether you worked or were seeking work, and how much you earned.

Have you been documenting all of those facts, or was this an eye-opener for you?

Why not revisit some of those census forms to see what else you can discover?

Finally, take the time to look at a page or two before and after the one containing your ancestor. You may very well find other relatives living nearby.

29 April 2017

7 Free Resources for the Frugal but Fanatical Genealogist

In high school my son had an assignment to create a document of his family tree. He laughed and said, "Mom, print that out for me?" That's as far as many people get: parents, grandparents, and a portion of their great grandparents.

But for those of us who keeping researching and researching, genealogy is a project that is never finished. And we don't mind at all.

Here are some free resources that won't "finish" your family tree, but they can make it stronger, broader, and more satisfying for you.

Census form
Census form
1. Free U.S. Censuses

Did you know that there's more to the census than the Federal census taken every 10 years? Some states also had their own census halfway between the Federal censuses. You can find the state and Federal versions for free on FamilySearch.org

2. Free New York Passenger Lists

Spanning the years 1820 through 1891, this free online collection can be searched or browsed by microfilm roll number, each roll spanning months. Another collection includes the years 1909 and 1925 through 1957.

Marriage certificate
Marriage certificate
3. Free U.S. Social Security Death Index

Search by name for SSDI records between 1962 and 2014. The results show the person's age, full name, birth and death dates, the state in which they died, and their last place of residence.

4. Free England and Wales Censuses

England and Wales censuses are available online from 1841 through 1911. Check out the full list of England resources on that page. You'll be impressed.

5. Free Canada Censuses

The Canada census is available online from 1851 through 1911 with a bonus year of 1906.

6. Free Find-a-Grave

Ship manifest
Ship manifest
Have you considered trying Find a Grave for cemeteries worldwide? When you view their search form take a look at the pull-down menu next to "Cemetery in" and you may be surprised by the number of countries included. While the non-U.S. listings are slim, they are growing.

7. Free Genealogy Forms and Charts

If it helps you to have some paperwork to carry with you on your research travels, these genealogy forms and charts will be very useful. Print out ancestor charts, research logs, census forms, family record sheets, and more.

Everyone likes a bargain, and it is certainly worth your time to see what resources are out there that you haven't tapped into yet.