How Reliable Is Your Family Tree?

When we're new to building a family tree, many of us start entering details known to our closest relatives. Many of those names, dates, and places may be correct. But if you don't have any documents to back up your information, then it's all hearsay. Why should your newfound 3rd cousin believe your tree?

I want each of us to make our family tree as professional as possible. I want your tree to be your legacy. "Oh, she was the cousin who did all that family history research. She did an amazing job!" That's what the relatives will say about you.

These tips will help you make your glorious family tree an ultra-reliable thing of beauty.

My family tree at the moment has a staggering 84,675 people. Are they all my blood relatives? Heck no. But all my ancestors came from small, neighboring towns in Italy. So the connections are endless. For centuries, people in these little towns married someone from their town or the next town. My whopper of a tree pulls these towns together—as far together as the available records allow.

My family tree gives hints to distant cousins and unrelated people who have roots in the same towns as me. I'm thrilled when a stranger finds their relatives in my family tree. But I understand my responsibility, and I take it seriously.

We all have a responsibility to publish verified facts if we have our tree anywhere online. That's why I'm STILL working through the list of people in my tree who need source citations. (See how you can "Catch and Fix Your Missing Source Citations".) After more than a year, I've cut my list of completely unsourced people in half. I don't know if I should be happy or start crying.

Here are a few past articles to inspire you to give "cred" to the people and facts in your family tree.

Provide the Proof and Change Their Minds

As this genealogy hobby grows and spreads, so does misinformation. Find out how these errors get started, what to do about them, and how to avoid making them yourself.

How to Be a Family Tree Myth Buster

In the 1970s my brother was writing a college paper on our family history. Grandpa said his father became an evangelical minister in Italy. That had to be unusual. The only way I was able to confirm this story was in person.

When I visited the children of Grandpa's younger sister in Italy, they told me the story and showed me the chapel. It still exists!

There's no available documentation about my great grandfather's church. But there were documents to prove another bit of family lore—and disprove yet another.

3 Ways to Best Use Family Tree Hints

Online family tree hints can be a big help. But a hint that links to someone else's family tree, and not to any documents, is not a source. It's nothing more than a clue to guide your research.

To make your family tree produce valuable hints for others, be sure you're using hints the right way. These examples will take your research to the next level.

How to Tell if a Hint is Any Good

When you do find those hints, you may see that some are worth pursuing. And if you have enough evidence to know the hint is correct, be ready to expand that search. Find out how to harvest that good hint for all it's worth.

5 Tips to Use When Genealogy Documents Disagree

As you work to provide proof for your facts, you're bound to find "facts" that disagree. These 5 tips will help you make sense of a jumble of data. What can you do if the document that would provide 100% proof is not available? Follow the logic and see which document is the most reliable.

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It's time to get busy. But don't worry. If your family tree isn't massive like mine, this worthwhile project won't take you forever.

These High-Resolution Vital Records Are Free!

I've mentioned the New York City Municipal Archives website a few times in this blog. It's about time I explained how to use this treasure.

I visited the archives at gorgeous 31 Chambers Street in Manhattan a couple of times. Before each trip, I used Ancestry.com to look up vital record certificate numbers for my relatives. The process at the archives was to find the right drawer and microfilm reel you needed to view. Then you scroll through to find your document.

Bring the genealogy treasures of this stunning archive right into your home.

Not long ago, the NYC Municipal Archives granted access to many vital records online for free! I've downloaded hundreds of documents as PDFs. Then I extracted JPG images to place in my family tree. (See my note about this extraction near the end of this article.)

Here's a list of the NYC vital records you can find online:

• Bronx:
  • births: 1872 to 1873, 1876, 1888 to 1891, 1895 to 1909
  • marriages: 1898 to 1937
  • marriage licenses: 1914 to 1931
  • deaths: 1898 to 1948
• Brooklyn:
  • births: 1866 to 1909
  • marriages: 1866 to 1937
  • marriage licenses: 1938 to 1949
  • deaths: 1862 to 1948
• Manhattan:
  • births: 1855, 1857 to 1861, 1863 to 1865, 1866 to 1909
  • marriages: 1866 to 1937
  • marriage licenses: 1908 to 1910, 1938 to 1949
  • deaths: 1866 to 1867, 1871 to 1875, 1920 to 1948
• Queens:
  • births: 1866, 1876, 1883, 1886, 1888 to 1909
  • marriages: 1898 to 1937
  • marriage licenses: 1938 to 1949
  • deaths: 1881 to 1892, 1898 to 1948
• Staten Island:
  • births: 1898 to 1909
  • marriages: 1898 to 1937
  • marriage licenses: 1908 to 1949
  • deaths: 1898 to 1948

Only now do I realize they added marriage licenses this past Spring! I found on Ancestry that my grandparents got their marriage license on 29 Jun 1922, and it was #3410 in the Bronx. Entering that year and certificate number into the form I'm about to explain, I see their 4-page marriage license.

I'm eager to download as many licenses as I can.

Now let's look at two ways you can search the online archives.

Find a Certificate With the Number, Year, and Place

Use your favorite genealogy research site to find the number, year, and NYC borough of the certificate you want. Then go to https://a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov/search. Near the top of the web page, below the By Certificate Number heading:

• Select the type of certificate (birth, death, or marriage)
• Enter the certificate number (this is a required field)
• Select the borough: Kings (Brooklyn), Bronx, Manhattan, Queens, Richmond (Staten Island)
• Enter the year (this is not required, but it helps if you know it)
• Click the Search button

Here's an example you can try. Select Birth Certificate, enter certificate number 5490, choose the Bronx, and enter the year 1905. The result is my grandmother's brother Emilio's birth certificate.

Quick note about the year. I had trouble finding my grandparents 8 Oct 1922 marriage certificate because the city filed it in 1923. If it's late in the year, keep that in mind.

Find a Certificate by Name

If you don't have a certificate number for your search, scroll down the same page to find the By Name heading. In this search area, you have to enter only the Certificate Type and Last Name. You can select a borough and enter a year if you know it.

Here's an example you can try. Choose Death Certificate, enter the last name Saviano, and change the borough to Bronx. Click the Search button.

Every result on that page is my cousin or my cousin's spouse. The same is true if we search for Saviano births in the Bronx. But let's try a search that needs a little more work. This time let's search for any Bronx birth certificates with my maiden name, Iamarino. This gives us a page that says No Results. But we can fine-tune the search from here.

You have two options. (1) Change the Certificate Type, and/or narrow down the Year Range, and/or change the Borough and click the Update button. (2) Below the Update button, remove filters one at a time and see what happens. When I click to remove Birth Certificate as a filter, I get three results:

• My 3rd great uncle Francesco Iamarino's 1937 death certificate.
• My 2nd great uncle Giuseppe Iamarino's 1938 death certificate.
• My 1st cousin twice removed Peter Iamarino's 1920 marriage certificate.

You can see how a less-specific search can yield more results. But if your broad search uses a common last name, you can run into a roadblock. The search results show only the first 100 results. Sometimes that doesn't even get you to the letter C in the alphabetical list. Keep changing the variables until you get what you want.

Image Extraction

I mentioned earlier that I extract JPG images from the PDFs I download. I use a very old copy of Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro that makes image extraction easy. I can open a PDF, go to the File menu and choose Export, Image, JPEG. This gives me wonderful high-resolution images.

But most of you won't have Adobe Acrobat Pro. So I found instructions for exporting images using the free Acrobat Reader. Scroll down this page to see the 9 steps.

I hope this resource helps you locate the NYC members of your family tree.

And speaking of vital records:

• Family Mystery Solved! Two Lost Boys Found
• 3 Types of Bonus Details on Italian Vital Records
• Family Tree Research Takes Time to Bear Fruit

Your Immigrant Ancestor's Ship Has a Story to Tell

Years ago I downloaded old photos of five ships that brought my relatives to America. I remember these photos being easier to find back then. Last weekend, I was thinking about the ships that carried my grandfathers' to New York. Was there more to learn about their emigrations?

The RMS Lapland

I don't know why Grandpa Iamarino didn't sail out of Naples. Everyone else from his Southern Italian town did. He traveled way up to the northern coast of France and sailed from Cherbourg. That's an 18-hour train ride today! I had a photo of his ship, the Lapland, but a little research told me more.

No matter how many genealogy facts you find on your immigrant ancestor's ship manifest, there's something else you need to search for. And it can enrich your family tree.

The Lapland belonged to the Red Star Line based in Antwerp, Belgium. The majority of the ship's passengers in November 1920 boarded the ship in Antwerp. Most of them came from Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary. The ship made one more stop in Cherbourg, France, before heading to New York Harbor. About 300 Italians boarded the ship in Cherbourg, including Grandpa Iamarino.

Why did these 300 Italians sail from Cherbourg instead of Naples? I found an American whose German ancestor sailed from Cherbourg. He learned at a museum in Cherbourg that the shipping companies had to compete for customers. With a price war going on, the cheap fare from Cherbourg could have been worth the long train journey. The Red Star Line may even have covered the train fare.

The SS Caserta

My Grandpa Leone lived one town away from Grandpa Iamarino and sailed to New York twice. I realized I didn't have a photo of either of his ships. He first came to New York in 1914 with permission from his local draft board. Military registration and service were mandatory in Italy when a man turned 20 years old. Grandpa Leone registered in 1911, served, and suffered an injury in 1912. In 2018 I photographed his military record in the archives at Benevento to get these details.

I searched online for a photo of the SS Caserta, and I searched Wikipedia to learn about the ship. This one ship had four different names in its 24-year existence. The Bucknall Line shipping company launched her in 1904. They sold her to the Lloyd Italiano shipping line in 1905. My grandfather sailed on her in 1915 as the SS Caserta. The Navigazione Generale Italiana shipping company took possession of the ship in 1918. During World War I, the Caserta served as a troopship, carrying U.S. troops to France.

Part of the Caserta's history seems to fill in a blank in Grandpa Leone's story. His immigration record tells me he returned to Italy to fight in World War I in August 1915. Since we don't have outgoing U.S. ship manifests available, I don't know which ship took him back to Italy. I found out the Caserta and other ships carried Italian Army "reservists" back to Naples.

Were these Italian men feeling patriotic? Or did their government track them down in the States? Grandpa Leone went back to Italy, fought, got captured, and spent a solid year in a prison camp in Austria. After he recovered, the Italian government paid for him, and many other men, to sail to America if they wished.

The USS Henry R. Mallory

At first I thought it was a mistake, but the ship Grandpa Leone took back to New York in early 1920 had belonged to the U.S. Navy. The USS Henry R. Mallory served as a military transport ship during both World War I and II. Between wars, the Mallory Lines shipping company operated the ship.

The Italians on board with my grandfather have a rubber stamp beside their name on the ship manifest. The stamp says "RES. USA. RET." I have read that the Italian government paid for the passage of its military members. But I see entire families with the rubber stamp, which I interpret as "Reserved. USA. Returnee."

On closer look, I see that many men on Grandpa Leone's page have "reservist" (not Italian) in the language column. On the previous page, someone penciled in "Reservist" at the top of the column. Then they added ditto marks all the way down the list.

They must all be Italian Army soldiers and some of their family members. The Italian government would have reserved and paid for their passage.

Now It's Your Turn

Take another look at the ship manifests for your closest immigrant ancestors. Take note of the name of the ship and the year. Now search online for both a photo and some history of the ship. It can help your search if you put SS in front of the ship name. What can you learn about your ancestor's passage, and what other research will that lead to?