A Mild Scrub for Your GEDCOM File

A GEDCOM file exported from Family Tree Maker isn't compliant with the GEDCOM standard. That's what a reader of this blog told me. That's a problem if you export a GEDCOM and want to import it into different software. You may lose some data.

After going through the article he sent me ("How to Scrub Your Data", by Keith Riggle), my eyes glazed over. But I decided to see which changes I'd like to make to my family tree in the spirit of following best practices.

Protect your family tree file for the long haul by replacing outdated fact types.

As I looked into it, I discovered something new about the text editor I use every day—Notepad++. There's a plugin for use with GEDCOM files, of all things. It's called GedcomLexer, and it does a better job of displaying your GEDCOM file. To install it, I went to the Plugins menu and chose Plugins Admin. Then I selected GedcomLexer from the list.

Now all the 4-letter GEDCOM tags in my file are blue and bold. A person's ID number is maroon. Source and family numbers are orange. All other text is gray, with one exception. It displays what it calls a User Tag in bold magenta. The User Tags I see in my file include:

• _LINK
• _FREL
• _MREL
• _MILT

The initial underscore seems to be another way of showing that it isn't an official GEDCOM tag. The LINK tag happens when I add a URL in the Web address field of a source citation. I'm going to ignore that tag. I know my links work when I upload my GEDCOM to Geneanet.org. And in RootsMagic 8 they're displayed as Source comments or Detail comments. The article on data scrubbing suggests putting it in the source citation's notes. I have tens of thousands of source citations. No thanks.

The FREL and MREL tags also happen automatically. They're near the end of a GEDCOM where Family Tree Maker keeps track of family units. I can't find any online reference to them, but the word Natural comes after each one. They must mean Father's RELationship and Mother's RELationship. When I import my GEDCOM into other software, family relationships remain intact. Even an adopted relationship makes the transition. So I won't give anymore thought to FREL and MREL.

The MILT tag is the one that bothers me. First of all, the discontinued GEDCOM tag for Military Service is MILI, not MILT. I use this tag for military service dates. And I don't see any logical, GEDCOM-valid substitute. I checked my grandfather in RootsMagic 8 (a file created from a GEDCOM), and his military facts were intact. On Ancestry, everything's fine, but on Geneanet, all his military service dates are labeled Conscription! I'm not going to do anything about this one either.

Deciding What to Change

Let's keep this simple and choose a few easy-to-replace discontinued tags to edit. Here's how to begin:

• Go to https://www.tamurajones.net/GEDCOMTags.xhtml and scroll way down to Overview Table.
• Paying attention to the last column (labeled 5.5.5), look for familiar* GEDCOM tags marked with a red X. The X means they have discontinued this tag. The more common discontinued tags (you may find others that you use) include:
  • ARVL for arrival
  • DPRT for departure
  • EMPL for employment
  • SSN for Social Security Number
• Make yourself a running list of the ones you'd like to change.
• Export your GEDCOM file and open it in a text editor.
• Search the file for discontinued tags.
• In your family tree software, replace discontinued tags with approved tags.

*If you aren't at all familiar with 4-character GEDCOM tags, scroll through your GEDCOM file a bit. You'll see things repeated, like NAME, DATE, PLAC (for place), BIRT (for birth), DEAT (for death), RESI (for residence), SOUR (for source), etc.

It's a shame Family Tree Maker offers these discontinued fact types in its selection list. But going through this exercise should be enough to make us remember which ones not to use anymore.

Making the Changes

More things to do with your GEDCOM:

• An Easy Way to Rid Your Family Tree of Typos
• 4 Ways to Safeguard Your Digital Family Tree
• One Report, Endless Possibilities for Improving Your Family Tree

1. ARVL and DPRT. When I first started using Family Tree Maker, I noticed there were emigration and immigration fact types as well as departure and arrival fact types. I decided to use emigration and immigration for a person's first voyage, and departure and arrival for later trips.

Now I see they've discontinued ARVL and DPRT. In my GEDCOM file, instead of ARVL and DPRT, I have TYPE Arrival and TYPE Departure. Is this Family Tree Maker's method of handling the discontinued tags? I do have EMIG and IMMI tags. I'd prefer to go with them.

This long-overlooked feature in Family Tree Maker is just what I need for this GEDCOM cleanup.

What I'll do in my Family Tree Maker file is:

• Go to a person with a Departure fact and select it in their Person tab.
• On the right, beneath the person's profile image, click the Options button. Then choose Fact Data Options.
• This opens a Departure Fact Data Options window. At the top, select "Show facts for All individuals". In my family tree, this covers 222 Departure facts.
• Beneath the list of people, check the box for "Change selected facts to this fact type". Choose Emigration from the list, then click OK. Done!
• Now choose an Arrival fact and follow the same steps, changing the fact type to Immigration.

That was so easy. The steps will be different if you don't use Family Tree Maker. I have a free copy of RootsMagic 8, and I can only change one instance of a fact data type at a time.

If your family tree software doesn't let you change every instance of a tag at once, you'll have to do it one at a time. Use your GEDCOM file to find each instance and scroll up a bit to find the person's name. Then make the change in your family tree software.

2. EMPL. I haven't used this tag, but if you have, you can change it from Employment (EMPL) to Occupation (OCCU).

3. SSN. In my early days, I recorded the Social Security Numbers of deceased relatives. This number is often included in a U.S. Social Security Death Index record.

I thought it would be handy if I needed to request more detailed information about that person. Take my grandfather's first wife, for example. Before I learned her maiden name, I thought about paying to see her Social Security application. Then I discovered her name when I found her passport application by using her birth date.

Soon after I started, there was an uproar over the publication of SSNs and the possibility for fraud. I decided to stop recording these numbers as a record type. I put them in the person's notes or skipped it from then on.

When I search my GEDCOM file for "SSN", I find only two SSN facts (for my grandfathers). There are also 4 mentions of "SSN" within a person's notes (that's fine). I'll go to my grandfathers in my Family Tree Maker file and move their numbers into their notes.

---

It came as a shock to me that Arrival, Departure, and Military aren't valid GEDCOM tags. As I said, I'm sticking with Military unless someone can suggest a better alternative. But from now on I'll always use Emigration and Immigration for all trips. Think about these trips in modern-day terms. You have to go through Customs and show your passport for an international trip. So EMIG and IMMI seem reasonable.

If you want to scrub your GEDCOM harder, see the related articles at the end of "How to Scrub Your Data".

4-Tool Combo Solves a DNA Problem

I've been playing around with the chromosome browser on MyHeritage. In my DNA match list on MyHeritage, I have a woman, her father, and his mother. (They're all my AncestryDNA matches, too.) I know their roots are in the Italian hometown of my dad's family.

Their relationship to each another should look interesting on the chromosome browser. I compared them to myself and my dad and my 6th chromosome is where the action is! My dad and the woman and her father and her grandmother all intersect on two parts of my 6th chromosome.

Then I looked at my dad's DNA test. I added the 3 family members (but not myself) on his chromosome browser. I found that the 4 of them intersect on my dad's 6th and 11th chromosomes. That's a solid connection.

So here's the big question. Why does the grandmother show up in my Family Tree Maker file as "wife of 4th cousin 1x removed"? There was a ton of intermarriage in our shared ancestral hometown. So the grandmother and I have 27 different relationships in FTM, but none of them are by blood.

I've let this go unresolved for too long. It's time to bring in genealogy tools in addition to the chromosome browser.

I knew they were related to each other. A chromosome browser tied them to Dad and me.

Tool #1: Family Tree Analyzer

A reader of this blog once told me that Family Tree Maker has a known flaw when it comes to relationships. There will be cases where it is wrong—particularly with more distant relationships. The reader suggested I defer to Family Tree Analyzer for the correct relationship.

So I opened my latest GEDCOM file in Family Tree Analyzer. I found the grandmother in the Individuals table. When I scrolled over to see the Relation to Root column, it said she's my 6th cousin once removed. Aha! So there is a true cousin connection.

Tool #2: Ancestry.com

I build my tree using Family Tree Maker and synchronize it with my tree on Ancestry.com. What a surprise to see that my Ancestry tree already knew she is my 6th cousin once removed. She's labeled as such on her profile page.

On that page I can click our relationship to see a list of generational steps from her to me.

Tool #3: Family Tree Maker

Back in Family Tree Maker, I followed those generational steps. I went from her to her father, grandfather, great grandmother, and up that paternal line until I saw it.

Way up the line, her 5th great grandparents had a yellow color code. (I use color-coding in FTM to identify my 4 grandparents' lines.) That tells me they are direct ancestors of my paternal grandfather. When I clicked their names, I saw that they are my 6th great grandparents. (Family Tree Analyzer agrees.)

Tool #4: Relationship Calculator

I wanted confirmation and to see my relationship to her son and granddaughter. (They each have more than one connection to me.) I opened my relationship calculator spreadsheet. First I went to the column for my 6th great grandparents. Then I went down that column to the row where my DNA match is this ancestor's 5th great grandchild. The column and row intersect at 6th cousin once removed.

The next 2 rows show my relationship to her son (7th cousin) and granddaughter (7th cousin once removed). Finally! I've known about these DNA matches for years without understanding our relationship.

Multiple tools pointed to one relationship. Then my color-coded family tree brought it all together.

I did look at the Shared cM Project tool on DNA Painter to try to figure out my relationship to the grandmother. But there were too many possibilities. I also looked at the diagram of possible relationships diagram on MyHeritage. Our true relationship is too distant to show up there. Even when I compared her to my father's DNA test, it leaned toward a 3rd cousin relationship. (Thanks, endogamy.) The true relationship of 6th cousins was too far away to show.

As I mentioned, I'd already placed these 3 DNA matches in my family tree. I can take their lines back to my 8th great grandfather, born in 1671. But it always bothered me that the real picture of our relationship was hiding. Family Tree Maker does know that my 8th great grandfather is my DNA match's 7th great grandfather. But I would never have seen the true relationship without the help of other genealogy tools.

The truth is out there, as they say.

5 Super-Cool Features of MyHeritage

This week I'm exploring overlooked features on the MyHeritage website. Not long ago, I told you about their new Ancient Origins Breakdown, which was a lot of fun to explore. Now I've fallen in love with a few more features, and I must share them with you.

1. Cousin Finder™

This new feature uses published family trees to find your cousins. It gives you "DNA-level insights without a DNA test," according MyHeritage. And it's fascinating.

The MyHeritage Cousin Finder™ gives you DNA-level insights without a DNA test.

To use Cousin Finder, go to MyHeritage and select it from the Discoveries menu. In my case, the tool brings me 5 cousins:

• my 1st cousin Nick
• my 2nd cousin John (both of whom I grew up with)
• a 3rd cousin with my maiden name
• a 4th cousin's daughter whose last name I recognize
• my father's 5th cousin in Italy

To find out if the woman with the familiar last name is who I'm guessing she is, I can click View relationship. This opens up a family tree diagram showing my exact connection to her. Based on her last name, I figured she had to be the granddaughter of my mother's 3rd cousin Rita. Rita had 2 biological sons, so I thought this woman must be the daughter of one of those sons.

The diagram makes it clear that she is who I thought she would be.

Next I looked at the match with my maiden name. Our relationship chart says he's a descendant of Teofilo Iamarino. I know him! He's my great grandfather's brother. When I checked my family tree, I found that I have this man in there already. But I only knew his name thanks to a distant cousin from Brazil.

Finally, there's my father's 5th cousin in Italy. The relationship chart shows me he's a descendant of my 4th great grandfather's sister. Because they never left Italy, I didn't have this cousin's name, or his father's name before. I'll have to ask my Italian cousins if they know him from town.

2. Fan View

Ancestry.com offers a fan view of your family tree. You can choose from vertical (family), horizontal (pedigree), and fan views. Unless you pay extra for Ancestry Pro Tools, though, you can see only a 4-generation fan view. For someone like me who can name a pair of her 9th great grandparents, 4 generations won't cut it.

I love everything about this 10-generation fan chart, free on MyHeritage.

The Fan View on MyHeritage lets you show up to 10 generations. For me, that means everyone I've identified up to my 7th great grandparents is in the chart! A second view identifies 8 branches of my family tree using the last names of my great grandparents.

As I hover over any solid block in this view, I can see the name of the person it represents along with their lifespan. But what's also helpful is seeing the blank spaces. Those are the dead ends in your family tree. For me, these are the places where the vital records end. For you, they may be the places you need to research next.

It's a terrific representation of all the work you've done researching your ancestors. Remember, you can select anyone in your family tree to see their fan view.

3. Chromosome Browser

MyHeritage lets you compare your DNA (or that of any kit you manage) to as many as 7 DNA matches at a time. You can see where their DNA overlaps and use the information to narrow down a connection.

I used GEDmatch years ago to learn that my parents share DNA. It's a small amount, and I'm sure it's Identical By State, not Identical By Descent. All their ancestors came from neighboring towns in a small region.

This Chromosome Browser highlights the spots where you and 2 other people share DNA. It shows me the triangulated segments I share with both my parents. On chromosomes 6 we share genomic position 6358001–11179154. On chromosome 9 we share genomic position 19946627–28460340. It may help me to find DNA matches who share those same genomic positions.

Using the Chromosome Browser, I found a DNA match who shares several segments with my father and me. I decided to follow up on this match using the next feature.

4. Diagram of Possible Relationships

If you click to review a DNA match, the screen begins with an estimated relationship. I'm looking at a match named Deborah from the USA. MyHeritage tells me her estimated relationship to my father. She should be his first cousin's daughter.

Beneath the estimated relationship is a section called Possible relationships. This tells me there's a very high 93.6% chance Deborah is my father's 1st cousin's daughter. There are other possible relationships with the tiniest percentages of probability. At the bottom of this short list is a link that says "Show more relationships plus diagram". That diagram is the key.

This MyHeritage diagram shows you where to look for that DNA match's identity.

The diagram makes it very clear where their relationship fits. It tells me to look at the siblings of my father's parents, and then their grandchildren. Deborah will be the grandchild of one of my father's aunts or uncles.

Sure enough, there is a Deborah in my family tree—the granddaughter of my father's Uncle Mike. If I didn't already have her, this diagram would tell me where to look. I would research my grandmother's 2 siblings and my grandfather's sister.

Digging into Deborah a tiny bit led me to her mother-in-law's missing maiden name, so that's a win!

5. Photo Dater

Finally, there's a feature I'd been looking for ever since I read about it a while ago. It's supposed to be able to date your photos. I didn't see it in the Photos menu, but then I found out it happens by itself—if it's going to happen.

The MyHeritage photo dater could be the answer you need to solve a genealogy mystery.

I have a few photos that had no results, but one that did. It's a photo of me as a kid in about 1972. There's nothing useful in the background for dating the photo, but I got a result. The estimate is 1975. That's pretty good! I uploaded a 1986 photo of myself wearing huge sunglasses. There are several old cars in the background. The estimate is "after 1985". Wow! What other photos have I got?

I uploaded a photo from about 1961. It's my mother, my siblings, and me (in a stroller) in the California sunshine. The estimate is 1963. Very impressive! Finally, I have 4 photos of my grandmother and her family in the nineteen teens. (See "My Aunt's Photos Tell the Other Side of the Story.") Two of the 4 showed estimates that were once again very close.

Go through your photos to see which ones could use a date estimate to help you figure out who's who.

Last week I revisited FamilySearch.org's Full-Text Search and found new treasures. Today's look at MyHeritage tells us we should revisit resources and take a deeper dive.

Unexpected Finds from FamilySearch Labs

It's been a while since I looked at the "Labs" section of FamilySearch.org. This is where you can take advantage of their enormous "Full-Text Search" project. You can find new documents for your family tree because your ancestor merely gets a mention.

I went to https://www.familysearch.org/en/search/full-text and started by entering two names and one place. They were my great grandfather (Giovanni Sarracino) and his brother-in-law (Semplicio Saviano) in the Bronx, New York. They were businessmen whose dealings are still clouded in mystery. I don't know how they came to own a building with retail stores and four apartments.

Here are three complete surprises I found there. This should inspire you to search these records, too!

Find unusual genealogy documents where your ancestor is a supporting character, not the star.

My Great Grandfather's Signature

My first result says my great grandfather was a witness on a Petition for Naturalization in 1940. I don't know this other man. He didn't live in my great grandfather's neighborhood or come from his hometown. But how cool is it to see my great grandfather's signature for the first time?

My 2nd Great Uncle's Children

Next I found several pages of Bronx probate records. The subject of the records was Giuseppa, the widow of my great grandfather's brother. At first I didn't see a connection and didn't know who she was. But one of the pages is a 1908 baptism record from St. Rita's Church in the Bronx. That caught my eye. They baptized my grandmother there in 1899.

The baptism record is for my 1st cousin twice removed, Angelo Sarracino. He's the son of Angelo Sarracino (my 2nd great uncle) and his wife Giuseppa Orrosa.

This legal filing has an astonishing 100 pages, each of which I downloaded as an image. Here are the details I found in this document that I didn't know before:

• Giuseppa Orrosa (spelling uncertain) died on 2 Feb 1920 at 222 East 150th Street, Bronx, New York. With some difficulty, I did find her New York City death certificate. Too bad it uses her husband's name as her father's, and her mother's name is the same as hers.
• Her eldest son Anthony filed several legal papers to claim Giuseppa's financial holdings. Some of his siblings were minors, and there was no will, which complicated things. The document shows how much he paid for lawyers and his mother's funeral.
• Giuseppa had $1,339 in the bank, $750 at home, and held a promissory note for $1,000. My great grandfather and his brother-in-law's wife must have borrowed money from Giuseppa. I had no idea she was also involved in my great grandfather's business dealings.

Searching for more Sarracino documents led to a string of discoveries.

• I found New York City vital records and Italian birth records in towns that are new to me.
• I found a previously unknown child for Giuseppa who died after two days.
• I found several spellings of her maiden name. Her exact town of origin is still a mystery to me.

All the documents have different spellings of her maiden name. Only one spelling variation has a match on the Cognomix website. This website shows you where you can find any last name in Italy today. That one spelling is Orasi. I tried doing a wide search for anyone name Orasi coming to America. None of the leads from this wide search turned out to be helpful.

As I went through the 245 pages of search results, many were from Giuseppa's probate records. To narrow the search, I used only Semplicio Saviano's name. This led to a very sad discovery.

My Cousin James' Difficult Life

Semplicio and his wife Giovina had 11 children, four of whom died by the age of four. Giovina died at age 46 when her youngest child was only seven years old. Her son James was 12 years old at the time. All I knew about James was that he lived to be 79 years old and never married.

This set of 1928 documents shows that James was a delinquent child who ran away from home often. The file claims he had an IQ of 37 and had two mental examinations before his mother died. His father once placed him in an institution, a "Catholic Protectory", for six weeks, where he did well. At one point, Semplicio had to file a report with the Missing Persons Bureau. James' probation officer lists many incidents where James:

• was found dirty and neglected
• was delinquent from school
• called in a false alarm
• was begging for money at 3 a.m. by the Brooklyn Bridge!

A court order forced Semplicio to pay $3 a week for the boy's "maintenance", and he was having trouble keeping up.

An official interviewed James' sister Columbia. She said his weak mental and physical state were due to convulsions when he was born, and a 12-hour coma. The family wanted James to go back to the Catholic Protectory. There he could do manual work away from the "so-called crowd of defective children".

The institution said they'd welcome James. But if he didn't do well, the only alternative was to send him to the now-infamous Letchworth Village. It seems that never happened. Semplicio suggested in 1928 that James should work in the lumber yard where his brother Anthony worked. Anthony could keep an eye on James. The 1930 census shows that James was a lumber helper. In the 1950 census he's a pin boy at a bowling alley.

This document contains facts about Semplicio's family that I would never have known. It describes the family home in great detail. It lists the jobs, schools, and income of the whole family. I like the description of the apartment even more because this is the same building where my mom grew up. It's where my grandparents lived when I was a kid.

This amazing find tells a new, detailed story about my 2nd great uncle Semplicio's family.

The full-text search section of FamilySearch is well worth visiting every several months. Everything I described here didn't show up in my results the last time I looked. What will you find?

How to Share Your Family Tree With Cousins

Sometimes a cousin will ask if I have a printout of the family tree to share with them. Well, no. My tree has more than 83,000 people. If you specify which part of it you want, I can make a PDF. But can a family tree chart ever show you all the details you want? No. A family tree chart will only show names plus birth, marriage, and death dates and places.

I've kept a copy of my family tree on Ancestry.com since the early 2000s. I build my tree on my desktop using Family Tree Maker then synchronize it with my tree on Ancestry.

A few relatives asked for access to my Ancestry tree, and I sent them an invitation. But some invitations were never opened. Only one person noticed when I deleted my original tree, voiding their access.

Give the Cousins What They Need

When a cousin asks for the family tree, how can we provide a tree that's:

• useful
• printable
• customizable
• easy-to-explore, and
• provides access to all the juicy details?

If you've been paying attention, you know I dislike collaborative family tree websites. I'm a control freak and won't allow anyone to change my facts. That's why I'm not going to consider the likes of FamilySearch.org, Geni.com, or WikiTree.com.

I'm already using two websites to display my family tree and allow others to find my work. Let's take a look at sharing your family tree on Ancestry.com and Geneanet.org.

After so many years of use, I can't tell if Ancestry's interface is overwhelming for guests of my family tree.

The Ancestry.com Option

I went to a friend's Ancestry.com tree where I have a guest role. I wanted to see what's available to me as a non-owner and non-editor. There are limits to what I can see and do:

• I can see the vertical or horizontal family tree layout and a fan chart with 5 generations of ancestors. But I can't customize the fan chart. (You can customize your own fan chart if you pay for Ancestry Pro Tools.)
• It's a bit hidden, but I can print one individual's tree view or fan chart. But first I have to display exactly the right people on the screen. I must expand or collapse siblings and generations before finding the print button.
• I can click any individual to see their profile page. This shows me all their facts plus any sources, and a list of parents, spouses, children, and siblings.
• I can see notes attached to any fact right there in the list of facts. In my tree, an emigration fact's description field says the destination and ship name. "Left for New York on the Lapland." Each immigration fact gives specifics about their arrival. "Arrived join uncle Antonio Pilla at 22 West Street, Newton, Massachusetts."
• Unless I'm the tree's owner or an editor, I cannot see notes attached to the person. This disappoints me. I wanted these notes to help other people investigating my family tree. This is where I record, among other things, military record details and obituary text.
• On each person's profile page, you can look at the sources attached by the tree's owner. If they've done it well, you can view the record and the image for yourself.

What I can't tell you is how easy or confusing this may be for someone who hasn't been using Ancestry.com for many years.

My Ancestry.com family tree has one big advantage. A visitor can see the document images I've attached to any person. I removed all photographs when Ancestry said they had rights to your photos. I don't own all the photos in my family tree, so I don't want to share them. The photos are in my Family Tree Maker file, but I marked them private to keep them offline.

I mentioned that some people never looked at my Ancestry.com tree even after asking for access. So I want to look at option two.

The Geneanet.org Option

Two years ago, you couldn't synchronize your Family Tree Maker to Ancestry.com for months. I had to find another option. I liked Geneanet.org because it's free and I can replace my GEDCOM at will. No worries about synchronizing. I can replace my whole GEDCOM each time.

Despite what their website says, I cannot upload my document images to the site along with my GEDCOM. If you know how to do it, please tell me.

I give my Geneanet family tree link and my Ancestry link to people in case Ancestry limits their access. You may need to create a free Geneanet account to explore my family tree, but I'd say the price is right.

Seeing a person's timeline alongside the family tree view might make Geneanet.org easier for a cousin with a casual interest.

Aside from being free, here's why I like Geneanet for sharing your family tree with relatives:

• The family tree view is easy to navigate. You can click plus signs to expand family units. You can click and drag the tree around to look at other generations. You can search for a person by name at the top of the family tree view. No complaints there.
• Clicking any person in the family tree view opens a right panel filled with their details. It's a complete timeline of all the facts attached to this person. Click any fact to see its complete source citation. This includes a clickable link to the source, if it's included. This panel also includes any non-private notes attached to a person. That's a big plus.
• With a person of interest selected, click the top-left tab to switch from Family Tree to Profile. The Profile view has everything in one place.
  • Birth and death dates and places.
  • Parents' names and lifespans.
  • Spouse's name and lifespan, along with marriage date and place, and children's names and lifespans.
  • Siblings' names and lifespans.
  • Life events, in order, with full details and source citation. This list displays any notes you may record in a fact's description field.
  • Source citations (again), all in one list.
  • Family tree preview showing 3 generations of ancestors with their names and lifespans.
  • From the preview section, click to print the person's ancestry or descendancy chart. Or click Printable Family Tree for more options. Choose the type of chart, color themes, and specify the number of generations. I find this easier than Ancestry.com's option. You can also create a family history book through a partner called Patronomia. You can save it as a PDF for free.

When a cousin wants to see a family tree chart for their branch, Geneanet.org lets them create a customized treasure.

My only complaint about Geneanet.org is personal. It refuses to recognize that DiAnn has a capital A. It's fine with the last names in my tree that have lowercase prefixes, like diPaola and delGrosso. It even allows a name like LaBrusco, where I capitalize the L so it doesn't look like an uppercase i. But it doesn't like that my first name has two capital letters. There are so many unusual first names. This seems like a programming problem to fix. It's ignoring the case of the letters in first names.

I'm going to send an email to any of my cousins who've shown interest in the family tree. I'll link them to my Geneanet.org tree, and give them an overview of how to use the site. This could be the perfect self-help solution for their needs.

Do you have any ancestors from Italy's Benevento Province? Search for your names in my Geneanet family tree. Take advantage of my ridiculous amount of research.

Hardship Lessons Your Ancestors Learned

My parents were born during America's Great Depression. When I was a kid, they often told me I had to "clean my plate"—eat every last bit of food—and waste nothing. My dad would say, "Take all you want, but eat all you take." I'm sure this is why I hate to waste anything to this day.

Your ancestors lived through bad economic times. See how they pulled through with this genealogy resource.

If you look into the causes of the Great Depression, here's what you'll find:

• Black Tuesday. The stock market crash of 1929 erased billions of dollars in wealth.
• Bank Rush. In a panic, people rushed to withdraw their savings, causing many banks to collapse. Think of the scene from "It's a Wonderful Life."
• Reduced Spending. Other than escaping to the movie theater, people stopped all discretionary spending. Consumer confidence faded and commercial revenue dried up.
• Tariffs. The ill-fated Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act imposed tariffs on imports. This raised prices across the board. Trading partners retaliated with their own tariffs. They cut their imports from the U.S. Nobody wins.

My parents didn't suffer too much during the Great Depression. They were lucky—their fathers had jobs. Take another look at the 1930 census to see how your ancestors were doing.

• My maternal grandfather Adamo has his own shoe repair shop, a wife and two young children. He rents his apartment from his father-in-law, so he doesn't have to fear losing his home.
• My great grandfather Giovanni (Adamo's father-in-law) is not working. But he owns his building. It has 4 apartments on the second floor and stores on the first floor. He and my great grandmother are fine.
• My paternal grandfather Pietro is working in a steel mill. He has a wife and daughter and rents his home. He hates the work, but at least he has a job.
• My great grandfather Pasquale (Pietro's father-in-law) is a railroad worker. He owns his home. One of his teenage sons works in the steel industry. They're reasonably secure.

How did some of my other relatives fare during the Great Depression?

• Great uncle Giuseppe has a job with the War Department. He rents his apartment and has three boarders.
• Cousin Pasquale works as a tile setter and rents his apartment. With a wife and six children who are too young to work, life has to be difficult.
• Cousin Giuseppe works for the railroad and rents his apartment. He has a wife and five young children to support.
• Cousin Celia is a widow raising eight young children in her rented apartment. She owns a candy store, but you can't imagine revenue is great at the time.
• My uncle's father works for the railroad while my 18-year-old uncle works as a plumber. His family of seven rents their apartment on these two paychecks.

Look at 2 key spots on the 1930 and 1940 census to see how people in your family tree made it through the worst economic times.

On the whole, my extended family soldiered through the Great Depression. They relied on the steel industry and railroads to put food on the table. The frugal habits my parents passed down to me are a clear sign of the austerity they knew as children.

How were your ancestors doing at the end of the depression in the 1940 census?

• My maternal grandfather Adamo still has his own shoe repair shop. He still rents his apartment from his father-in-law.
• My great grandfather Giovanni, ever the businessman, is working again. He's the proprietor of a beer garden.
• My paternal grandfather Pietro switched from the steel mills to a much cleaner job. He is a stone setter for a costume jewelry company.
• My great grandfather Pasquale developed black lung disease from his railroad job. He's retired and living on a pension with my great grandmother.

The censuses can give us a little glimpse of our ancestors' lives during the Great Depression. But it's the spending habits they passed down that give us the real insight.

I used to think it was funny that my Grandpa Pietro never threw anything away. He'd repair it, even if it looked ridiculous. A shovel with its spade nailed onto the wooden handle. A lawn chair with more duct tape than metal. I inherited a lot of my ancestors' frugal habits.

It makes me wonder what lessons today's generation will pass down to their children. "Don't subscribe to every streaming service." "If your phone still works, you don't need a new one." "Don't eat so much take-out."

What picture do your ancestors' 1930 and 1940 censuses paint? What lessons did they pass down to you? What lessons can you learn from them to use today?

And speaking of census records:

• How to Squeeze Everything Out of the Census
• Simplify Your Genealogy Info Gathering With This Form
• 3 Unique, Key Facts about Every U.S. Federal Census
• How to Fully Process Your Census Documents
• 4 Tips for Finding a Missing Census Record