Bad Dates Built a Brick Wall in This Family Tree

Rae's grandfather was a solid brick wall in my family tree. Until he wasn't.

A few years ago I realized I didn't know my godmother's given name. She and her husband, my mom's 1st cousin, are my godparents. She's always been in my life as simply Rae. But Rae isn't her given name. I finally asked her for some details so I could research her family tree.

A Jam-Packed Genealogy Document

Isn't it great when you find your immigrant ancestor's naturalization papers? There's so much specific information on a single page. Along with his photo, Rae's grandfather's U.S. naturalization papers gave me:

• His date of birth and place of birth
• His wife's date and place of birth (but not her last name)
• Their date and place of marriage
• The names of their 4 children
• All 4 of their dates and places of birth

Which genealogy data can you trust, and which can build a brick wall in your family tree?

Fantastic, right? Now I can go get these Italian birth and marriage records on the Antenati website. Their hometown in Italy has a tremendous number of vital records online. They include way more years than my ancestral hometowns do.

Secondary Sources? Not Good Enough

The reason I called Rae's grandfather a brick wall is this. EVERY date on his naturalization papers is WRONG. His date of birth? WRONG. His wife's date of birth? WRONG. Their date of marriage? WRONG. Their children's dates of birth? WRONG.

At some point I gave up on this branch because I couldn't find their Italian vital records. That meant I couldn't go back another generation. And I had two different possible last names for Rae's grandmother.

A secondary source in genealogy is any document written well after the fact.

A primary source is written for that specific event:

• A birth record is written shortly after the birth to document the birth.
• A marriage record is written shortly after the marriage to document the marriage.
• A death record is written shortly after the death to document the death.

Naturalization papers are a secondary source for names, dates, and places. They are written to document the naturalization process itself. That makes them a primary source for naturalization facts. The rest of the details about names and dates come from the testimony of the immigrant. That makes them secondary and unreliable.

Why was he wrong about 6 birth dates and his marriage date? I have no idea. This past weekend this family came to my attention. I decided to figure out what went wrong.

Tracking Down Primary Sources

I spent a full day on the Antenati website for their hometown. I searched countless years' worth of vital records until I demolished the brick wall. I needed to start with Rae's grandparents' marriage. That would give me her grandmother's maiden name and both their parents' names.

• Rae's grandparents did not marry on 2 Sep 1890 as the naturalization papers say. They married on 18 Sep 1887. This set of marriage records took Rae's family tree back to her great grandparents.
• Rae's grandfather was not born on 28 Feb 1864 as he said, but on 2 Mar 1864. I'll call that one "close enough", but still weird.
• Rae's grandmother (now that I discovered her full name) was not born on 2 Feb 1871 but on 6 Feb 1866.
• Rae's aunt was not named Gelorma (not a real name), but Girolama, after Rae's great grandmother. She was not born on 2 Apr 1891 but on 31 Mar 1889.
• Rae's aunt Antoniella (I expected that to be a nickname) was not born on 8 Jun 1895 but on 20 Apr 1894 and named Antonia.
• Rae's aunt Maria was not born on 2 Jul 1898 but on 17 Sep 1898 and named Maria Felicia.
• Rae's father Matteo was not born on 17 Jan 1899, but on 29 Jan 1897. His draft registration card and naturalization papers get this a little wrong. They use the date 23 Jan 1897.

Using the names of the 2 sets of newfound great grandparents, I began to expand further back in time. I found the following:

• The 1861 marriage record for Rae's grandfather's parents. This told me the names of two sets of Rae's 2nd great grandparents.
• That marriage packet led to a 2nd great grandmother's 1851 death record. That added one set of Rae's 3rd great grandparents.
• It led to the 1841 marriage of a pair of 2nd great grandparents. That added two more sets of Rae's 3rd great grandparents.
• Turning to Rae's grandmother, I found her parents' 1858 marriage record. That added two more sets of Rae's 2nd great grandparents.
• This led to the 1829 marriage record for a set Rae's 2nd great grandparents. That added two more sets of Rae's 3rd great grandparents.
• That led to a 3rd great grandmother's 1828 death record. That added one set of Rae's 4th great grandparents.

This brick wall came tumbling down in a landslide! There are a few more records I can look for. I'll try to identify the three missing sets of Rae's paternal 3rd great grandparents. And Rae's mother's roots are in the same town as her father's. I can try to identify the six missing sets of Rae's maternal 3rd great grandparents. I have no doubt I can fill in many of these blanks. Update: Yesterday I found more records and identified one of Rae's 5th great grandparents!

Revisit Your Brick Walls

The lesson here is simple. If the best you can find for your brick wall ancestor is a secondary source, don't assume it's correct. You need to do more research. You need to do more than put a name in a search box. Seek out primary sources you can examine with your own eyes.

Rae once told me (about my family—her husband's family), they married within their own tribe. This research shows her statement is true of her own family, too. Her parents married in New York City, but they came from the same beautiful town in the spur of the Italian boot.

Free Genealogy Resource Leads to Fun Research

I was looking into a free genealogy resource to share with you when I spotted one heck of a coincidence.

First the resource. The Library of Congress has a large collection of images you can use for free. While scrolling through the collection I noticed there is a genealogy category. It's a very eclectic group of items, including blank family tree charts, maps, photos, and more.

Now the coincidence. I noticed one photo labeled "Italian family living 428 E. 116th St." in New York City. My grandfather's cousins lived around 116th Street, so I took a look.

Searching this free genealogy photo collection, I discovered my great grandparents' neighbors depicted in 1912.

When I clicked this photo, I found a "More items like this" section at the bottom of the page. One of the images shown there has a label that includes the address 259 E. 151st Street. What? Hey! 259 E. 151st Street, Bronx, New York, was across the street from the building where my mother was born and raised.

The photo's full description: Cutting out embroidery on the dirty kitchen floor. Battista family, 259 E. 151 St. N.Y. On the right is the married daughter, who lives down stairs and usually works there. On her right next to the boy is Flora, said to be 9 years old and very much stunted in size. 'Been sick.' Next to her is the mother and next is Linda, 11 years old. The baby, dirty and covered with sores, was being handed about. Probably has impetigo."

Many of the women in my family did this type of "home work" in the early 1900s. Sewing, stitching, trimming. So it's especially interesting to see what that process might have looked like.

Start With the Census

The date on this image is January 1912. I'll bet I can find this family in the 1910 census.

I went to my family tree to get the URL for my great grandparents' 1910 census. They were living at 258 E. 151st Street. Then I went page by page through the census until I found the Battista family. Husband Paolo, wife Maria, and seven children were all born in Italy except for the 4-year-old boy Guido. The baby with impetigo must belong to the married daughter who lives downstairs.

I've found that people living in this Bronx neighborhood came from the same towns as my ancestors. It's worth some research time to try to find out where this Battista family lived in Italy. Finding this family's ship manifest will be the best way to learn the name of their hometown.

I searched on Ancestry for Paolo Battista, born about 1872, arriving in New York in 1903. A quick glance at the search results told me his birth date, and that he's buried in Old Saint Raymond's Cemetery. That's where you'll find my grandparents and all my Bronx relatives. His U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index record (an excellent resource) includes his parents' names.

Look for an Immigration Record

When I couldn't find Paolo's 1903 ship manifest, I searched for the rest of his family. The 1910 census says they arrived in New York in 1904. I found them! The maiden name of Maria Battista is Carfagna. (Italian women don't change their name when they marry, so a ship manifest is also a great place to find her last name.) And the family came from Casalciprano. I'd never heard of Casalciprano before, but I see on the map that it's a little north of some of my ancestral hometowns.

Scour the Vital Records

With the name of their hometown, I could search for their Italian birth records on Antenati. I found Paolo Antonio Battista's 1872 birth record with no trouble. The names of his parents and his date of birth match what I saw on U.S. documents.

In the 1873 birth records I found Anna Maria Carfagna. She was a foundling baby; parents unknown. Left in the "foundling wheel" a day after she was born, her birth record describes the items that were with her. Officials made note of a foundling's belongings in case the mother wanted to claim the baby later. Anna Maria Carfagna is the name a town official gave to her. Wrapped in linen cloth with a white stripe, she wore a cotton headband.

Then I found a surprise for the undersized Flora named in the Library of Congress photo. Her age is correct on the census. She was born in Casalciprano on 8 Apr 1902. Flora somehow wound up back in Italy, in Napoli, to marry Giuseppe Pisani on 28 Aug 1955. (These details are in the column of her birth record.) Yes, she was 53 years old when she married in Italy. It's nice to see that the stunted child who had "been sick" grew up and married.

The boy called Carlo on the 1910 census appears to be Arno on the 1904 ship manifest. I found his 1895 birth record, and his given name is Arno Filippo. I found birth records for the Battistas' children Virginia in 1897, Linda in 1899, and Entimio in 1903. I also found their son Guido's 1905 birth record on the New York Municipal Archives website.

I couldn't find a birth record for the oldest daughter from the 1910 census, Ida. Then I noticed she didn't come to New York in 1904, but in 1908. When I found her ship manifest, I saw that her mother went back to Italy to bring her to America. (Usually the father does this, not the mother.) Her parents left her behind in Italy for four years. Hospitalized on arrival, Ida and her mother stayed at Ellis Island for four days. (These details come from the ship manifest page for detained passengers. This tip came in very handy!) Still, I could not find a birth record for her—even checking under another first name.

I wanted to find the name of the Battistas' married daughter seen in the photograph. While searching for her and Ida, I worried I was going back too far. Their parents were born in 1872 and 1873. I found their marriage record in July 1892. The couple are only 20 and 21 years old. The two missing daughters should have a birth record in 1892, 1893, or 1894. I looked at the birth record of every Battista child in those years. I even looked at earlier years' birth records in case they had a child when they were teenagers.

I tried searching immigration records for anyone named Battista from Casalciprano. I found only Ida's 1908 arrival and a woman who had different parents.

Return to the Census

I found the Battista family in other censuses, hoping to find their eldest daughter. I noticed one woman on the 1915 census, Immacolata, who's also listed beside the family in the 1910 census. She's a possibility, but she's a bit too old, and I didn't see any Battistas named Immacolata in Casalciprano.

In the 1925 census, the Battista family lives around the corner in the same building as some of my cousins. They're also at that address in the 1920 census. But Immacolata is no longer near them.

Broaden the Search

Next I did a broad search for Immacolata Battista, the potential daughter. This led me to a family tree with documentation for Ida. It includes her 1893 date of birth (taken from U.S. documents), but there is no such record in her hometown. It is possible that Paolo and Maria didn't report the births of their first two children. This would result in a fine for the parents in Italy, and it can prevent the child from getting permission to marry. (My great grandfather's 1876 birth wasn't reported until 1898, the year he married.)

I found Ida's 1910 New York City marriage record on the NYC Municipal Archives website. It's possible her delayed birth record is in the 1909 or 1910 records in Casalciprano. Unfortunately, those years are not available online. It's too bad the family tree I found on Ancestry has no mention of another, older daughter.

What other search techniques would you have used?

Granted, these people are not related to me. But I'm quite sure my great grandparents and my grandmother knew them. Bringing this historic photo to life is one of many superpowers we have as genealogists. What discoveries does this photo collection hold for you?

What Can You Learn About Your Ancestors' Daily Lives?

Last week a man posted in the "My Italian Family Tree" Facebook group. It wasn't the typical post. He said he wants to know more about his Italian ancestors. He's seen their birth, marriage, and death records, but he wants to know more about their lives. I know my 19th century ancestors were illiterate peasants living in small towns. There was no local newspaper covering their exploits since they couldn't read.

Ancient Roots—Not Names

But we can learn something about our ancestors' lives if we look at the history of the place and the people. They call my ancestors' general area the Sannio or the Sannita region today. In Roman times they called it Samnium—named for the ancient Samnites. And when I say ancient, I mean ANCIENT. The Samnites were in my ancestors' area as early as the 8th century BC.

Placing an ancient map over a current one puts my ancestors in a key place in history.

The Samnites were a league of several independent tribes. They banded together to fight against the Romans many times. They were farmers who raised crops and livestock. They also fished in their rivers and mined iron ore.

One characteristic of the Samnites that's interesting to me is their physical description. They didn't look like the typical dark Southern Italians. Many had blond hair and blue eyes, as do I, and as did some of my great grandparents. Historians say this coloring comes from the Ligurian people. They settled alongside the Italic people early on. Among these people were some Gauls. Gaul was a region that today is France, part of Belgium, Western Germany, and Northern Italy.

When I took a DNA test in 2012, my husband guessed I would find some German in my pie chart. It would explain my great grandfather Giovanni's looks. But there is no German in my DNA. These days my AncestryDNA test does show 2% France, which is new. My Ancient Origins on MyHeritage say I'm a solid Roman by the Roman Era and pure Italian by the Middle Ages. Still, I have blue-green eyes and my hair was blond in my youth.

The Life of a Peasant

I searched for details of Southern Italian peasant life in general. Their daily life was much like life in the Southern U.S., as described in William Faulkner's novels. (I've been reading his books in order of publication since November.) Faulkner's novels cover a lot of time, from pre-Civil War to the 1950s. In the rural Mississippi of his novels, there were a few rich landowners, and many workers. The workers never seemed to get ahead. They worked the fields, raised livestock, repaired their clothing, tools, cabins and barns. They grew the food they ate. The sharecroppers didn't get to keep all they grew.

The same is true of my Italian ancestors. Children began working very young, performing whatever tasks they could. Older boys and men did the more demanding labor. Older girls and women managed the household. The females would milk the cow, fetch water, take the clothes to the river for washing, and feed the family. They would also make and mend the family's clothing. The males would plow the fields, plant and harvest the crops, and maintain any structures.

In Southern Italy, the Church or members of the ruling class were the rich landowners. I have a copy of a book that is invaluable to my family tree research. It is "Colle Sannita nel 1742" by Dr. Fabio Paolucci. Dr. Paolucci has shown me documents from the town bearing my maiden name as early as the 1500s.

His book is a detailed 1742 census of the town's 600 or so households. Often the descriptions say that the head of household "has" a vineyard or land that's leased to him by the Church. Sometimes he takes care of livestock owned by the Church. The book also details the land owned by 35 priests and clerics. There's also an accounting of the land and livestock owned by more than a dozen churches and chapels.

Based on their vital records, I know my people were farmers or they practiced a trade needed by the town. They were shoemakers, barbers, tailors, midwives, and seamstresses.

Newspaper Coverage, or Lack Thereof

While I won't find my family members in old Italian newspapers, I can search for mentions of their towns. La Stampa is an Italian newspaper I can access online. The issues go back to its founding in 1867. I found only one thing, and it's about my maternal grandfather's town. On 8 Oct 1872 in Baselice, they opened a government telegraph for both government and private use.

I had better luck with La Stampa when I wanted to see coverage of Italian battles during the first World War. Based in Torino, I wouldn't expect La Stampa to cover my little Southern Italian towns.

I answered that Facebook post. I suggesting he look into the history of his ancestors' place and the people (in general) who lived there. I came away from my research with a better idea of my ancestors' lives. And a better idea why I don't look how you might expect an Italian to look.

Why I Prefer Researching Dead Ancestors

It started out so innocently. "Let me find one new DNA match to research." A few hours later, I have a 6th cousin who's a registered sex offender and had planned several murders. I'll take a pass on adding his name to my family tree.

Years ago I jumped on the chance to upload my AncestryDNA zip file to a site called FamilyTreeDNA for free. I hadn't checked that site for new DNA matches in a long time, so I logged in to see what's new.

Discovering this living 6th cousin is making me run back to my dead ancestors.

Scrolling down the list, I found someone with the same last name as my great grandmother, so I opened his tree. I also found a tree for the same family on Ancestry. I consulted the Ancestry tree because it has plenty of source citations.

I saw that my DNA match's grandmother also had a last name from my family: Ricciardelli. Researching the grandfather with the familiar last name did not lead back to my family. So I got to work on the Ricciardelli side.

That name comes from Santa Paolina, Avellino, Italy. My 2nd great grandmother Colomba Consolazio was born there. And she had a grandmother named Colomba Ricciardelli. I've added my closest relatives from this town to my family tree. But there are so many more relatives I can add.

This DNA match gave me that chance. I got to work adding birth, marriage, and death dates to the ancestors on this Ricciardelli branch. It was easy to see that the Ricciardelli line provides my connection to this DNA match.

After I went up my match's tree as far as I could, I came back down to add U.S. source citations. I added facts and citations for:

• censuses
• draft cards
• immigration records, and
• Social Security Death Index records.

When I came down to a generation that's about my age, I realized the family moved from the east coast to California. I love California's records! If you know their mother's maiden name, you can find birth records through 1995 and death records through 1997. These records show the person's:

• full name
• full date of birth or death
• mother's maiden name
• county of birth or death.

Need some DNA research tips?

• 4 Practical Methods for Identifying a DNA Match
• What Good Are Distant DNA Matches?
• How to Use Ancestry ThruLines for Research Leads

I got to the point where I knew my DNA match was the son of one of 4 brothers. But I couldn't tell which brother it was. I took another look at my match's tree on FamilyTreeDNA and realized I know his mother's maiden name! In the California Birth Index I found two people with the correct mother's maiden name. One of the two, a female, owns the Ancestry family tree I used for my research. The other person, a male, has a middle name that made him a good prospect for a regular internet search.

The results made me push myself away from my desk. The crime he attempted, and the criminal content in his possession, were the last thing I expected to discover. There are enough facts there for me to be sure this 6th cousin and the registered sex offender are the same person.

But things get more interesting. Remember I found California birth records for a brother and a sister. My FamilyTreeDNA match does not have the criminal's name. His test account has a description that is very helpful. It says that my DNA match is the uncle of the brother and sister from the California Birth Index. But the account is (was?) managed by the sex offender. He says he and his sister (whom he names) are trying to get past a brick wall on their paternal line. To do this, they convinced their uncle to take a DNA test.

The family tree connected to the DNA test doesn't have the uncle as the home person. That was throwing me off by a generation. The home person is the criminal, and IT SHOWS HIS NAME. This should be private since he's living. His sister's name is private. His parents and uncles' names are private. But his name is there despite having no death date.

I don't know if this peculiarity has any connection to legal proceedings, but it's all very creepy.

In the end, I marked the uncle as a DNA match in my family tree. Then I added a private note, one that will not appear in my online tree, explaining what I discovered.

This was not the playful genealogy romp I expected. I'll continue building out this Ricciardelli branch from Italian vital records. Then I'll find some more dead people to hang out with.

House Hunters: Genealogy Edition

I roll my eyes when I see posts detailing the history of homes in England. Oh, you can dig up details about your grandmother's house from the 1700s? Isn't that special. In the United States, the oldest building my ancestors ever lived in dates back to about 1900. And the city tore it down decades ago. Nothing lasts too long here.

Anything in this country built in the 1700s is a museum. I had the pleasure of volunteering in one such museum years ago. The Court Inn on Court Street in Newtown, Pennsylvania, dates back to 1733. It's surrounded by elegant old homes. Walking down the street, you feel as if you're back in the Colonial Era. Two doors down from the inn is a beautiful brick home built in 1836. Two blocks down is a house built in 1880, but the original part of the house dates back to 1811. Next door is a stone house built in 1870.

That's ancient for America!

Different websites may offer different details about the houses in your family tree.

If you want to research a house in the U.S., real estate websites are your best bet. I use 3 different websites because they can have different contents. It's a lot of fun when you can view interior photos. I particularly enjoyed looking at the old homes in Newtown, Pennsylvania. They're what I loved most about living there.

Which homes do you want to research? Or do you want to snoop on the neighbors?

Note that I've used purple text in the lists below for features that are very much the same on each website.

1. Zillow.com

My favorite feature of Zillow.com is that it shows property boundaries. Enter an address (or a street and town), then scroll down past the regular map. Look for a satellite image of the neighborhood. If it isn't showing white boundary lines, click the Lot Lines button. Zillow places an estimated home value on each house in the satellite image. Based on my neighborhood, this seems to be the last sale price. Zillow:

• Shows property boundaries with estimated property values.
• Shows the realtor's photos if the house is on the market or was on the market in recent years.
• Provides their own estimate of the property's value.
• Includes many details, including:
  • number of bedrooms and baths
  • square footage
  • lot size
  • type of heating
  • architectural style
  • year built
• Shows the property on a map with comparable homes for sale nearby.
• Shows the price history: the asking price when listed and the sale price going back several years.
• Shows the local tax and assessment history going back several years.

2. Realtor.com

This is my first stop when I know a house is for sale. Realtor:

• Shows property boundaries as you hover your mouse over the map. But it's ignoring my house. I wish the tax assessor would ignore my house.
• Shows the realtor's photos if the house is on the market or was on the market in recent years.
• Provides an estimate of the property's value. They base it on tax records and recent sale prices of comparable properties.
• Includes many details, including:
  • number of bedrooms and baths
  • square footage
  • lot size
  • type of heating
  • architectural style
  • year built
• Shows the price history: the asking price when listed and the sale price going back several years.
• Shows the local tax and assessment history going back several years.

3. Trulia.com

Zillow owns Trulia, but Trulia doesn't have the property boundaries. Trulia:

• Shows the realtor's photos if the house is on the market or was on the market in recent years.
• Provides their own estimate of the property's value.
• Includes many details, including:
  • number of bedrooms and baths
  • square footage
  • lot size
  • type of heating
  • architectural style
  • year built
• Shows the property on a map with comparable homes for sale nearby.
• Shows the price history: the asking price when listed and the sale price going back several years.
• May show recent local tax and assessment.

For me, it was fun looking up the house in California where I was a baby. When I was born, there was a farm in the backyard. Now a huge highway is right over the back fence! Our New Jersey house has interior photos from its last sale in 2020. The last owner upgraded so much, I don't recognize any rooms!

We are a weird place. This is why actual ancient architecture blows our minds.

Recent articles you may have missed:

• Get In-Depth Answers to Your Genealogy Questions
• Find the History of Any Date in Your Family Tree
• Get Familiar with Your Ancestral Homeland for Free
• Six 2025 Articles to Elevate Your Family Tree

Does Your DNA Control Your Traits?

Mom is a pessimist who gets mad when I share Dad's optimistic opinions. But is that my fault? Or did I inherit my optimism from Dad?

My 2012 AncestryDNA test gives me access to 93 genetic traits. These are physical, mental, and emotional tendencies built into our genes. And Ancestry can tell you which parent gave you each trait. Check your Ancestry account to see if Traits is available in your DNA menu. It seems new AncestryDNA tests do not include traits unless you pay an extra $20 for your kit. This is from the Ancestry website:

"Some DNA features require an Ancestry subscription. Traits inheritance is not yet available for some customers. Access to Traits is included with AncestryDNA+Traits and in any active subscription."

This month MyHeritage launched their own DNA Traits. Choose Traits from the site's DNA menu to generate your traits report. It works on your MyHeritage DNA test, no matter when you bought it. It also works on another company's DNA test that you uploaded to MyHeritage in the past. You do not need to buy a new test. Right now, MyHeritage DNA Traits are available as an add-on for $19.

What do your DNA traits say about you?

Let's take a look at some of my traits based on my 2012 AncestryDNA test. The categories are not identical on Ancestry and MyHeritage. But I'll choose traits that are similar. Note that MyHeritage gives me only 40 traits.

Sweet or Savory

I love sweets. I crave sweets. When I want a snack, I always go for the sweet snacks.

• AncestryDNA says I'm "somewhat more likely" to prefer sweet over savory. It says this trait comes from my maternal side. (Tell that to the chocolates Dad eats every night.)
• MyHeritage says that I'm only "slightly more likely" to crave sugar. MyHeritage also shows exactly which genes contribute to each trait.

And speaking of DNA tests:

• 4-Tool Combo Solves a DNA Problem
• What Do You Think You Are?
• Do Your DNA Ethnicity Results Make No Sense?

Morning Person or Night Person

Over the years I've evolved into a morning person. I slept very little in high school. I would go to bed, then sneak out to the family room to watch a movie at 2 a.m. In college I hated early classes, but I had no choice. And I got my best creative ideas as I drifted off to sleep.

By age 40 I realized I was no good mentally after 9 p.m. If I did any work after that I was going to make mistakes. By age 50 I started getting up by 6 a.m. and working for a couple of hours before getting dressed. That's still my routine, and I love it.

So if I am an early bird, was I fighting it from age 14 to 40?

• AncestryDNA says I'm "more likely" to be a morning person, and it comes from my paternal side. It's interesting that they say I'm more creative during my non-peak hours. If my genes make me a morning person, it makes sense that my creative inspirations happen at bedtime
• MyHeritage says I'm quite a bit "more likely" to be an early bird.
• AncestryDNA says this trait is about 17% genetic and 83% environmental.
• MyHeritage says it's about 50/50. Either way, this seems to justify how my sleep habits changed over time.

Physical Traits

AncestryDNA shows your likelihood to have a host of physical traits. I like that it shows which parent passed which traits down to you. Some traits are intriguing.

• My lighter eye color comes from Mom's side, which I could have told you.
• The thinness of my hair strands comes from Dad, which I would have guessed.
• My curly hair comes from Mom (I knew that), but it's much curlier than my DNA suggests.
• My light complexion comes from Mom's side, which is also pretty obvious.

I don't have these types of physical traits on MyHeritage. The closest they have if the Fitness category. This covers traits such as:

• endurance
• muscle mass
• power
• strength

I score well only on endurance. I am, to quote Charlie Chaplin in "The Great Dictator", a puny human.

Personality Traits

AncestryDNA says I'm more confident (inherited from Dad). But I'm unlikely to be optimistic (inherited from both parents). I have to disagree, as would my parents. And it says Mom's side makes me more likely to take risks. Oh no it doesn't.

It also says Mom made me an introvert. That's for sure. And MyHeritage DNA Traits agree that I'm quite the introvert.

My DNA seems to want me to play a musical instrument and be quite good at it. I can think of three times in my life when I tried to learn a musical instrument. It did not go well.

One very helpful feature of the MyHeritage DNA Traits is their advice on how to improve in certain areas. Since our traits come from genetics and our environment, we can work to change them. For example, they say my memory is very good. MyHeritage says we can improve our memory performance by:

• being active
• getting enough sleep
• eating well
• exercising our minds through reading, puzzles, and active learning.

I don't have an infallible memory for little details like Dad. Or a word-for-word memory of conversations like Mom. But I read and do puzzles like crazy. And doing genealogy research requires active learning all the time, doesn't it?

MyHeritage DNA Traits and AncestryDNA Traits results provide links to scientific references. This makes it easy for you to learn more.

Can DNA Traits Help Your Research?

Here's what MyHeritage says about these tests: "Trait reports reveal how your genetics influence your personality and characteristics, from taste preferences and sleep patterns to exercise response and more. They don't provide medical or diagnostic information. They offer a fascinating glimpse into many characteristics that make you unique."

Here's what AncestryDNA says about these tests: "These tests have no medical purpose. Nothing in these trait reports are a diagnosis of a health condition or medical disorder. These reports are not a substitute for medical advice. Before making any lifestyle or dietary changes, or if you have any questions about how your genetic profile might relate to your health or wellness, please contact your healthcare provider."

For the most part, DNA Trait results are more entertaining than anything else. But, if you never knew one or both of your parents, your AncestryDNA Traits may be more useful for you. If you wonder where some of your traits came from, AncestryDNA can tell you which parent passed them down to you. (Note the parental side works only if you can separate your closest DNA matches by parent.)

Check your DNA accounts to see if DNA Traits are available to you. You're more than your ethnic pie chart.

12 Genealogy Projects to Put on the Calendar

Because I have so many big genealogy projects going on at the same time, I can't seem to follow my own advice. Sometimes I re-read my old blog posts and think, "I need to do this project." But I never find the time.

My massive source citation project could take another two years to finish! Meanwhile, I've been ignoring all these smaller genealogy projects. But here's an idea. What if I commit to one of these 12 projects a month in 2026? I can complete some of these projects in a couple of days. Then I can get back to my source citations.

That's what I'll do. Early each month in 2026, I'm going to devote time to one overlooked project. Projects that I've recommended to you! Which genealogy projects should you add to your calendar?

Want to get those genealogy projects done? Commit to one project a month and stick to the schedule.

January 2026: Crop document images

I wrote about this project in "How to Improve Your Digital Genealogy Documents". I had tons of document images that I downloaded from Ancestry. Almost all had a big black border around them, and a large file size. For a while I pushed myself hard on this project, and I almost finished it.

All that's left to crop are city directory images. There are less than 100 of them, so I know I can complete this project in 2 or 3 sittings.

February 2026: Look for father's death date

In "5 Details to Review for a Richer Family Tree" I told you how some Italian birth records say the baby's father is dead. In most cases, the death record is not available online. Then I realized that sometimes the father's date of death is there at the bottom of the baby's birth record.

When I enter a birth date in my tree for a child born to a dead father, I make a note of it in the birth date's description field. I always use the same wording, which means I can search my GEDCOM file for every instance of those words. Then I can double-check the birth record to see if it includes the missing date of death.

March 2026: Add to your life story

I wrote about an easy way to start writing your autobiography in "4 Steps to Writing Your Own Life Story". I haven't added to my life story Word document in a while. Now that I have a new daughter-in-law and grandson, it's overdue. I'm not sure I added my first daughter-in-law to the story yet!

April 2026: Add more war casualties

I have access to lots of military records for Italians who died in World War I. Italy lost major battles in that war that cost thousands of lives. I've downloaded many records, which I talk about in "Free Italian Military Records for WWI and WWII". But I have many more to download and add.

Can't access military records for your people? Find the draft registrations cards for men of the right age.

May 2026: Find ship images

In "Your Immigrant Ancestor's Ship Has a Story to Tell", I showed how to dig into your ancestor's immigration. That reminded me of something. I've always wanted to find more photographs of the ships that brought my people to America.

Years ago on Ancestry, when you searched for an immigration record, they had a column with a link to the ship's image. I don't see that anymore, and I'd only saved a few. I'll spend a few days in May searching for images of the ships that carried my closer relatives to America.

June 2026: Digitize more pages

I told you about HandwritingOCR in "Finally! A Great Tool to Transcribe Handwritten Documents". I used it to digitize a few books and handwritten pages. I digitized Italian books, dropped the text into Google Translate, and saved it in English.

HandwritingOCR performed very well on my handwritten notebook of ship manifest entries. This notebook dates back to my earliest days of family tree-building. Now that it's digitized, I can make sure I've followed up on every lead.

My task for June is to find other texts to digitize and put them to good use.

July 2026: Find new details in family photos

Last July in "How to Use AI to Analyze Family Photos", I used AI to analyze and date old family photos for:

• clothing styles
• military uniforms
• locations
• automobiles

There's so much more I can explore! This July I'm going to dig through my photos and see how much more I can learn.

August 2026: Look into local social conditions

The immigrants in your family tree always left home for a reason. In "Why Did Your Ancestor Leave Home?" I wrote about the reasons so many people left their countries.

When I visited Italy, I wondered why my ancestors left such a beautiful place. What we need to do is research the history of their location at the time they left. We're bound to find stories of oppression, poverty, unemployment, and disasters.

Pick a few ancestors and look into the social conditions at home when they emigrated. These historic facts will be a great addition to your family tree.

September 2026: Solve more DNA matches

In general, I've gotten all I can out of my DNA matches. But you never know when a new one will break open another branch of the family tree. In "5 Steps to Making a Cousin Connection" I explained my process for solving DNA matches.

This month, I'll spend a few days solving new DNA matches.

October 2026: Find more immigrants

All my roots are in Italy, so I spend most of my time looking at Italian vital records. Often the only way I find out which Italians came to America is by spotting them in a DNA match's family tree.

I'll spend time this month following my own advice in "Use a Wide Search to Find New Connections". I'll dig into the records and find more cousins who came here. That'll tie up a lot of loose ends.

November 2026: Find out-of-town marriages

In "How I Found My 8th Great Grandparents" I described how I found my ancestors' names in another town. They were born too early to be in their hometown's vital records. But their grandson married for the 3rd time in another town at age 83—which was a huge break for me!

I'm going to look for missing marriage dates in my family tree. I'll research the marriages that could have taken place in another town and see what new facts I can learn.

December 2026: Research the boarders

In "That's No Stranger in Your Relative's House" I wrote about researching a man living in my uncle's home. His true identity was a wonderful surprise!

On many census forms in my family tree, I made note of the fact that a boarder, roomer, or lodger was also in the home. I also noted when my relative was a boarder in someone else's home. I'll search for those notations in my GEDCOM file and research the unknown people. They could very well be cousins who belong in my family tree.

---

I've created a calendar reminder for each of these monthly tasks to make sure they get done. Many won't take much time, and January's project starts today. It's going to be a very productive year!

P.S. I wrote this article on Sunday—finished my January project on Monday!

That's No Stranger in Your Relative's House

When I got interested in genealogy, my husband gave me an Ancestry.com subscription. The census records seemed like a great place to start. I enjoyed going page-by-page through my family's Bronx, New York, neighborhood. Most of the last names on those pages rang a bell. Some were my cousins, and some were family friends whose names I've known all my life.

A bit of genealogy research into the boarders in your relative's home can yield crucial results for your family tree.

Over time I found that many people in this neighborhood came from the same part of Italy. My father's side of the family came from Colle Sannita, Italy. There are lots of Colle Sannita families in these buildings.

I noticed that many families in these Bronx apartments had one or more boarders living with them. They all seemed to be Italian immigrants. But I've spent very little time trying to research these boarders. Were they related to the head of household, or were they just a paesan?

Note: A boarder may be listed in a census as a roomer or a lodger.

Today I looked at the records I have for one of my Bronx relatives. He was my 2nd great uncle, Giuseppe Antonio Iamarino, born in Colle Sannita in 1871. When my father was a little boy, his family moved from Girard, Ohio (where he was born) to the Bronx. He told me his family lived with his Uncle Joe at 275 East 151st Street until they got their own apartment.

Thinking about this, I wondered when Uncle Joe first moved into that address. I know my father left Ohio in 1935 or 1936, and his family lived in their own place by the 1940 census. Can I make those facts line up with the documents? Here are Uncle Joe's documented facts:

• 1871 born in Colle Sannita, Italy
• 1900 immigration to the United States (per the 1905 New York census; ship manifest never found)
• 1905 lived at 464 East 151st Street with his first wife and their son and daughter
• 1910 lived at 275 East 151st Street with his first wife and their daughter
• 1915 lived at 302 East 150th Street with his first wife and their son and daughter
• 1920 lived at 302 East 150th Street with his first wife and their son
• 1928 lived at 300 East 150th Street when he married his second wife
• 1930–1938 lived at 275 East 151st Street again with his second wife

Who are those boarders, roomers, or lodgers in your relative's house on the census? Do the research and you may place them in your family tree.

He died at that address on 9 Jan 1938. These dates and the 275 address do line up with my father's recollection. It's the 1930 census where Uncle Joe has 3 boarders living with his second wife and himself. They are:

• Frank Pauluchio, age 30, born in Italy, single
• George DeGrosso, age 33, born in Italy, married
• Marces DeOffrio, age 19, born in Italy, single

I guarantee the census taker misspelled these names. If you get familiar with the names from your ancestors' towns, you can see past misspellings. I'm positive "Frank Pauluchio" is Francesco Paolucci and "George DeGrosso" is Giorgio DelGrosso. The third boarder's last name might be D'Onofrio. But that name isn't found in Colle Sannita, so I'll put him aside for now.

The first boarder, Francesco Paolucci, is of particular interest to me. Why? Because Uncle Joe's second wife is Filomena Paolucci from Colle Sannita. I searched for anyone named Francesco Paolucci born in Colle Sannita in about 1900. There were 2 possibilities, both of whom are in my family tree.

I hit the jackpot on the first try. Francesco Paolucci, born on 30 Aug 1900, has a ton of documents in my family tree. They tell me he lived at 275 East 151st Street when he married his first wife on 18 Nov 1922. He's also there in the 1925 New York State census, but not with Uncle Joe. He's with his first wife's family from Colle Sannita.

It turns out I had never found Francesco Paolucci in the 1930 census. That's because he's listed as Frank Pauluchio and living with my Uncle Joe! The census says he's single, but he was a widower.

Francesco (or Frank) is the 1st cousin once removed of Uncle Joe's second wife, Filomena.

It gets better. Frank's 2nd wife is Costanza Paolucci, whose father was born in Colle Sannita. Uncle Joe's wife Filomena is Costanza's aunt and Frank's 1st cousin once removed. That's a surprise.

But wait! There's more. Costanza and Frank Paolucci had one child called Johnny when they lived at 275 East 151st Street. Johnny and my father were lifelong best friends! I'm sure my father never knew his best friend Johnny's father had lived with Uncle Joe like he did.

Add this to the long list of interesting genealogy side-projects to explore:

• Research the boarders living with your relatives in the census sheets. You never know what you might discover.

How I Found My 8th Great Grandparents

This month I found something I never expected. A pair of my 8th great grandparents! And they happen to be my double 8th great grandparents. He is Nicola Iamarino, Ahnentafel numbers 1,024 and 1,280. She is Lorenza Cocca, Ahnentafel numbers 1,025 and 1,281. They are the direct ancestors of my father's parents who were 3rd cousins.

I know the names of 9 of my 9th great grandparents (out of a possible 2,048). And I knew the names of 29 of my 8th great grandparents (out of a possible 1,024). But I didn't expect to find any more. I'd exhausted every available vital record from their hometown of Colle Sannita, Italy.

Should you care where your 5th great grandfather's 3rd wife was born? You should if you hope to bust down a brick wall in your family tree.

You see, old Italian marriage records can provide a treasure trove of information. They include:

• the bride and groom's birth records
• their parents' death records, if they are dead
• their paternal grandfathers' death records, if their father and his father are dead

This is how you can discover Italians born in the mid- to late-1600s. They didn't start keeping vital records until 1805–1809. And few church records are available to the public. So the marriage records, called matrimoni processetti, are priceless.

So how did I find the names of Nicola Iamarino and Lorenza Cocca? By following up on an out-of-town marriage. My 5th great grandfather, Giovanni Iamarino, married 3 times:

• He married my 5th great grandmother Libera Pilla in about 1785. They were both from Colle Sannita. She died in 1825.
• He married Rosaria Antonia Maria d'Agostino in 1826. She was from the neighboring town of Circello, whose records I've also exhausted. She died in 1837.
• He married 64-year-old Lucia Ferrone in 1839. He was 83 years old!

His third wife Lucia died 2 years later in Colle Sannita. I noticed her death record says she came from another town called Castelpagano. That's on the northern border of Colle Sannita. The only way I knew about their marriage was because I saw the image of their 1839 marriage banns in Colle Sannita.

Each clue in a genealogy document can lead to new discoveries for your family tree. Are you looking in the right places?

I came upon Giovanni and Lucia during my ongoing quest to fill in all my missing source citations. I decided to look for their missing marriage record. Since the bride came from Castelpagano, it was a safe bet they married there. Whenever you can't find a marriage record for a couple, be sure to check both their hometowns. In Italy, it was common to marry in the bride's town and live in the groom's town.

I opened the 1839 marriage records for Castelpagano on the Antenati website. There I found everything I wanted:

• Their marriage record.
• Their marriage banns in that town.
• Their birth records.
• The death records of their previous spouses.
• Their mothers' death records.
• Their fathers' death records.
• Their paternal grandfathers' death records.

That last one was the missing piece I never knew I needed. Giovanni Iamarino's paternal grandfather was my double 7th great grandfather, Vincenzo Iamarino. I knew that. Vincenzo's 1776 death record, found in the Castelpagano marriage records, named his parents. Nicola Iamarino and Lorenza Cocca, my double 8th great grandparents!

I'll bet you have incomplete facts in your family tree. Take another look! Are you missing a marriage record from a year that should be available? Was the bride or groom from another town? You never know what mysteries you may solve by following up on every possible lead.

Find the History of Any Date in Your Family Tree

I gave birth to my first child on my mother's birthday. I had my second child on my grandmother's birthday, and last week he had his first child on his own birthday.

While sitting in the maternity waiting room, I saw a stack of local newspapers on the table. That reminded me of something a relative said when I had my firstborn in 1989. She said I should save a newspaper to commemorate what was happening in the world on that date. The big story I remember was the demonstrations and massacre in Tiananmen Square. That story made the front page when my son came along and continued into the next month.

If you don't have a time machine at your disposal, here's a great way to add historical context to your family tree.

Your Date in History

There is a website you can use to find out interesting tidbits about any date in your family tree. It's History.com. Go to https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history, and it will default to today's date. Next to the page's headline, "This Day in History", there is a square with today's month and date. You can change that to any month and date you choose.

When you choose a date, you'll see:

• a top story from that date
• a short list of famous people born on that date
• a fact of the day
• a timeline of key events in history (along with a video summary)

This can be a lot of fun. For instance, my father shares his birthday with Bruce Willis, Glenn Close, and Wyatt Earp. My mother and first son share their birthday with Willie Mays, Orson Welles, and Sigmund Freud. Plus, the Hindenburg disaster happened on that date when mom was a little girl.

You can click each event in the timeline to read more about it.

When I put in my birthday I see:

• The United States established the first Supreme Court in 1789.
• I share my birthday with F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jim Henson, and John Marshall. He was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States.
• President Teddy Roosevelt proclaimed the country's first national monument. It was Devils Tower as seen in "Close Encounters of the Third Kind".
• The timeline of events on this date includes:
  • the incorporation of the Honda Motor Company
  • the delivery of the Warren Commission report to President Johnson
  • the first episode of "60 Minutes"

Was your ancestors' wedding date historically significant? Did something special happen on your birth date? This website gives you the full story for your family tree.

Since the owners of history.com are in the United States, you may see more U.S. history results than you want. But there's so much more to explore. Look at the second-line menu at the top of the web page. You can choose "World" or "Eras & Ages" to find content that can add context to your family tree.

Choose any item from those lists (or the U.S. list) to find a host of articles and videos that will interest you. You can also use the search area to search for anything you like. (Look for the magnifying glass near the top right corner of the web page.) I decided to look into the Boston Tea Party, which happened on this date (16 Dec) in 1773. The short article includes links to more information, and a short video.

Today's History Channel features programs about aliens, ghosts, and weirdos with odd jobs. But years ago, I admired them for their well-produced, engaging story telling. These video clips put their true professionalism on display.

Which generation of ancestors in your family tree need more historical context? If History.com has the content, you're sure to enjoy the learning experience.

And speaking of history:

• Hardship Lessons Your Ancestors Learned
• Putting Yourself in Your Ancestor's Shoes…Historically
• What Was Happening When Your Ancestor Died?
• What Was it Like When Your Ancestors Lived Here?